Enlarging Knowledge on Lager Beer Volatile Metabolites Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Samples
- A total of 15 beers from 9 macrobreweries (P1–P9)—macro-bbs, which were available on the Portuguese market, from different countries (Portugal, France, Spain, and Germany) and batches, with alcohol contents from 4.2–5.2%, with shelf-life from 1–10 months;
- A total of 3 beers from 3 microbreweries (P10–P12)—micro-bbs, which were available on the Portuguese market, produced in Portugal, with alcohol contents from 5.0–5.5%, with shelf-life from 4–10 months.
2.3. Beer Volatile Metabolites’ Determination by HS-SPME/GC×GC-ToFMS
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chromatogram Contour Plot Analysis
3.2. Profiling the Lager Beer Volatile Metabolites
3.3. Lager Beer Typing
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Category of Beer | Composition | Alcohol Content (%) | Shelf-Life at Analysis (Months) | Country of Production | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malt | Unmalted Cereals | Hops | Others | |||||
P1-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | Glucose syrup | 5.2 | 3 | Portugal |
P1-2 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | Glucose syrup | 5.2 | 5 | Portugal |
P1-3 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | Glucose syrup | 5.2 | 2 | Portugal |
P2-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Maize or rice and barley | Extract | – | 5.0 | 10 | Portugal |
P2-2 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Maize or rice and barley | Extract | – | 5.0 | 8 | Portugal |
P3-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | – | Extract | – | 5.0 | 8 | France |
P3-2 | Macrobrewer | Barley | – | Extract | – | 5.0 | 5 | France |
P4-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Maize and barley | Extract | E150c and E450 | 4.8 | 7 | Portugal |
P5-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | – | 5.1 | 3 | Portugal |
P6-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | E150c and E405 | 5.0 | 1 | Portugal |
P7-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Maize or rice and barley | Extract | – | 4.2 | 9 | Portugal |
P8-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | E150c and E405 | 5.0 | 3 | Spain |
P8-2 | Macrobrewer | Barley | Corn and barley | Extract | E150c and E405 | 5.0 | 3 | Spain |
P9-1 | Macrobrewer | Barley | – | Extract | – | 5.0 | 6 | Germany |
P9-2 | Macrobrewer | Barley | – | Extract | – | 5.0 | 5 | Germany |
P10-1 | Microbrewer (fresh) | Barley | – | Pellet | – | 5.0 | 6 | Portugal |
P11-1 | Microbrewer (fresh) | Barley | – | Pellet | – | 5.5 | 4 | Portugal |
P12-1 | Microbrewer (pasteurized) | Barley | – | Pellet | – | 5.1 | 10 | Portugal |
1tR (s) a | 2tR (s) a | Compound | CAS Number | MSI Level b | RI Calc.c | RI Lit d | Previously Reported on Lager Beer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpenic compounds | |||||||
606 | 0.91 | Linalool | 78-70-6 | 1 | 1101 | 1101 | [28,42,43,44,45] |
624 | 0.97 | Fenchol | 1632-73-1 | 2 | 1113 | 1118 | [28,45,46] |
636 | 1.02 | Myrcenol | 543-39-5 | 2 | 1122 | 1103 | [28,47] |
696 | 1.15 | Borneol | 507-70-0 | 1 | 1163 | 1166 | [28,46] |
708 | 0.95 | Menthol | 1490-04-6 | 1 | 1172 | 1174 | [28] |
714 | 0.86 | (−)-Terpinen-4-ol | 20126-76-5 | 1 | 1176 | 1180 | [28,45,48] |
732 | 1.04 | α-Terpineol | 98-55-5 | 1 | 1192 | 1195 | [28,42] |
774 | 1.22 | 7-Methyl-3-methylene-6-octen-1-ol | 13066-51-8 | 2 | 1219 | 1222 | [28] |
792 | 1.09 | (+)-β-Citronellol | 106-22-9 | 1 | 1233 | 1234 | [28,42,43,45,47] |
792 | 1.22 | Nerol | 106-25-2 | 1 | 1233 | 1237 | [28] |
864 | 0.65 | Bornyl acetate | 76-49-3 | 2 | 1287 | 1288 | [28] |
912 | 0.74 | Methyl geraniate (isomer) | 2349-14-6 | 1 | 1323 | 1324 | [28,47] |
948 | 0.65 | Citronellol acetate | 150-84-5 | 2 | 1353 | 1354 | [28,47] |
966 | 0.70 | Neryl acetate | 141-12-8 | 2 | 1364 | 1362 | [28,42] |
444 | 0.49 | β-Myrcene | 123-35-3 | 1 | 988 | 988 | [28,42,43,45,47] |
582 | 0.67 | Fenchone | 7787-20-4 | 2 | 1084 | 1093 | [28] |
666 | 0.79 | (1R)-(+)-Camphor | 464-49-3 | 1 | 1142 | 1147 | √ [28] |
810 | 0.91 | p-Menth-4-en-3-one | 5113-66-6 | 2 | 1246 | 1251 | √ [28] |
618 | 0.58 | Rose oxide (isomer) | 16409-43-1 | 1 | 1109 | 1114 | √ [28,46] |
720 | 0.54 | m/z 91, 119, 39, 100 | – | 3 | 1180 | – | √ [28] |
Sesquiterpenic compounds | |||||||
1206 | 0.76 | Nerolidol | 7212-44-4 | 1 | 1571 | 1573 | [28,43,47,49] |
1212 | 0.79 | Caryophyllenyl alcohol | – | 2 | 1577 | 1569 | [28,43,45] |
1242 | 0.82 | m/z 43, 67, 82, 41 | – | 3 | 1610 | – | [28] |
1260 | 0.68 | Cubenol | 21284-22-0 | 2 | 1634 | 1643 | [28] |
1272 | 0.75 | τ-Cadinol | 5937-11-1 | 2 | 1651 | 1651 | [28,42] |
1080 | 0.57 | α-Caryophyllene (α-Humulene) | 6753-98-6 | 1 | 1456 | 1456 | [28,42,45] |
1104 | 0.56 | γ-Gurjunene | 22567-17-5 | 2 | 1476 | 1472 | [28] |
1164 | 0.57 | δ-Cadinene | 483-76-1 | 2 | 1530 | 1524 | [28,42,45] |
1164 | 0.65 | Calamenene | 72937-55-4 | 2 | 1530 | 1528 | [28,42] |
1266 | 0.93 | m/z 41, 67, 91, 39 | – | 3 | 1643 | – | [28] |
1164 | 0.78 | m/z 91, 43, 41, 79 | – | 3 | 1530 | – | [28] |
1236 | 0.70 | m/z 93, 43, 41, 80 | – | 3 | 1601 | – | [28] |
1308 | 0.65 | m/z 43, 135, 41, 91 | – | 3 | 1701 | – | [28] |
1392 | 0.60 | m/z 69, 41, 43, 55 | – | 3 | 1851 | – | [28] |
Norisoprenoids | |||||||
504 | 0.63 | 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclo-hexanone | 2408-37-9 | 2 | 1034 | 1051 | – |
744 | 0.91 | Safranal | 116-26-7 | 2 | 1197 | 1201 | – |
774 | 0.82 | β-Cyclocitral | 432-25-7 | 2 | 1219 | 1225 | – |
852 | 0.59 | Vitispirane | 65416-59-3 | 2 | 1278 | 1289 | – |
900 | 0.64 | Edulan I | 41678-29-9 | 2 | 1314 | 1314 | – |
960 | 0.78 | β-Damascenone (isomer) | 23726-93-4 | 2 | 1360 | 1383 | [43,45,46,47,49,50,51] |
990 | 0.84 | β-Damascenone (isomer) | 23726-93-4 | 2 | 1383 | 1383 | [43,45,46,47,49,50,51] |
1074 | 0.77 | Geranyl acetone | 689-67-8 | 1 | 1451 | 1455 | [47] |
1110 | 0.72 | α-Isomethyl ionone | 127-51-5 | 2 | 1481 | 1487 | – |
Esters | |||||||
Aliphatics | |||||||
96 | 0.44 | Ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | 2 | 611 | 611 | [23,42,46,47,50,52,53] |
138 | 0.45 | Ethyl propanoate | 105-37-3 | 1 | 685 | 696 | [50] |
174 | 0.43 | Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate | 97-62-1 | 2 | 748 | 751 | [51] |
186 | 0.48 | 2-Methylpropyl acetate | 110-19-0 | 2 | 769 | 769 | [42,43,45,47,50,52,53] |
210 | 0.50 | Ethyl butanoate | 105-54-4 | 1 | 806 | 806 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,49,50,51,52,53] |
222 | 0.52 | Butyl acetate | 123-86-4 | 2 | 816 | 819 | [53] |
222 | 1.24 | Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate | 97-64-3 | 2 | 817 | 819 | [48] |
258 | 0.48 | Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 7452-79-1 | 1 | 848 | 851 | [52,53] |
264 | 0.49 | Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 108-64-5 | 2 | 853 | 857 | [43,49] |
294 | 0.62 | 2/3-Methylbutyl acetate | 123-92-2 | 2 | 879 | 877 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,49,50,52,53] |
324 | 0.53 | Ethyl pentanoate | 539-82-2 | 2 | 905 | 906 | [47,49,51] |
342 | 0.57 | Pentyl acetate | 628-63-7 | 2 | 917 | 916 | [54] |
342 | 0.66 | C7 ester (m/z 43, 95, 97, 42) | - | 3 | 917 | - | – |
372 | 0.64 | Ethyl (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate | 5837-78-5 | 2 | 938 | 943 | – |
408 | 0.54 | Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate | 25415-67-2 | 2 | 963 | 967 | [51] |
414 | 0.52 | Pentyl propanate | 624-54-4 | 2 | 967 | 969 | [54] |
432 | 0.57 | C8 ester (m/z 43, 69, 56, 61) | - | 3 | 980 | - | – |
456 | 0.57 | Ethyl hexanoate | 123-66-0 | 1 | 996 | 996 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] |
480 | 0.59 | Hexyl acetate | 142-92-7 | 1 | 1013 | 1006 | [23,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,53] |
522 | 0.65 | Ethyl 2-hexenoate | 1552-67-6 | 2 | 1042 | 1045 | – |
552 | 0.55 | Ethyl 5-methylhexanoate | 10236-10-9 | 2 | 1063 | 1072 | [45,47] |
570 | 0.58 | C9 ester (m/z 43, 56, 55, 41) | - | 3 | 1075 | - | – |
600 | 0.55 | Propyl hexanoate | 626-77-7 | 2 | 1096 | 1101 | – |
600 | 0.57 | Ethyl heptanoate | 106-30-9 | 1 | 1096 | 1095 | [23,43,45,48,50] |
624 | 0.59 | Heptyl acetate | 112-06-1 | 2 | 1113 | 1113 | [23,43,45,46,47,48,50] |
642 | 0.60 | Methyl octanoate | 111-11-5 | 2 | 1125 | 1130 | – |
660 | 0.55 | 2-Octyl acetate (m/z 43, 87, 41, 55) | 2051-50-5 | 3 | 1138 | - | – |
660 | 0.90 | C9 ester (m/z 57 85 41 59) | - | 3 | 1138 | - | – |
678 | 0.54 | 2-Methylpropyl hexanoate | 105-79-3 | 2 | 1150 | 1154 | – |
678 | 0.56 | 2-Ethylhexyl acetate | 103-09-3 | 2 | 1150 | 1159 | – |
744 | 0.59 | Ethyl octanoate | 106-32-1 | 1 | 1196 | 1196 | [23,43,45,46,47,49,50,51,52,53,54] |
762 | 0.60 | Octyl acetate | 112-14-1 | 2 | 1210 | 1211 | [23,43,45,47,49] |
876 | 0.58 | Ethyl nonanoate | 123-29-5 | 1 | 1296 | 1295 | [43,45,47] |
924 | 1.12 | C11 ester (m/z 71, 117, 43, 89) | - | 3 | 1333 | - | – |
948 | 1.03 | C11 ester (m/z 57, 71, 43, 41) | - | 3 | 1351 | - | – |
972 | 0.66 | C12 ester (m/z 57, 43, 67, 41) | - | 3 | 1369 | - | – |
978 | 0.93 | 3-Hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl 2-methyl-propanoate | 74367-34-3 | 2 | 1373 | 1364 | [43] |
996 | 0.64 | Ethyl 9-decenoate | 67233-91-4 | 2 | 1387 | 1388 | [43,45,47,50] |
1008 | 0.58 | Ethyl decanoate | 110-38-3 | 1 | 1396 | 1396 | [23,42,43,45,46,48,49,50,52,53,54] |
1068 | 0.56 | 3-Methylbutyl octanoate | 2035-99-6 | 2 | 1446 | 1447 | [43] |
1164 | 0.62 | Methyl dodecanoate | 111-82-0 | 2 | 1530 | 1526 | – |
1176 | 1.03 | 3-Hydroxytridecanoate | 107141-15-1 | 2 | 1542 | 1539 | – |
1230 | 0.56 | Ethyl dodecanoate | 106-33-2 | 2 | 1595 | 1594 | [42,43,46,49,50,53] |
1236 | 0.56 | 1-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl 2-methyl-propanoate | 74381-40-1 | 2 | 1601 | 1607 | – |
1260 | 0.50 | 1-Methylethyl dodecanoate | 10233-13-3 | 2 | 1634 | 1632 | – |
1296 | 0.78 | Hexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | 6259-76-3 | 2 | 1684 | 1678 | – |
1326 | 0.53 | Methyl tetradecanoate | 124-10-7 | 2 | 1731 | 1726 | – |
1368 | 0.54 | Ethyl tetradecanoate | 124-06-1 | 2 | 1801 | 1801 | [43] |
1374 | 0.66 | C16 ester (m/z 120, 73, 138, 121) | - | 3 | 1814 | - | – |
1380 | 0.50 | 1-Methylethyl tetradecanoate | 110-27-0 | 2 | 1826 | 1834 | – |
Aromatics | |||||||
594 | 1.22 | Methyl benzoate | 93-58-3 | 2 | 1093 | 1096 | – |
702 | 1.07 | Ethyl benzoate | 93-89-0 | 2 | 1167 | 1172 | [43,49] |
714 | 1.35 | Methyl 2-phenylacetate | 101-41-7 | 2 | 1176 | 1179 | – |
714 | 1.46 | 2-Phenylethyl formate | 104-62-1 | 2 | 1176 | 1174 | – |
810 | 1.13 | Ethyl phenylacetate | 101-97-3 | 1 | 1246 | 1248 | [43,45,47] |
828 | 1.15 | 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 103-45-7 | 2 | 1260 | 1260 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] |
906 | 0.88 | α,α-Dimethylphenylethyl acetate | 151-05-3 | 2 | 1319 | 1320 | – |
948 | 1.06 | 2-Phenylethyl propanoate | 122-70-3 | 2 | 1351 | 1357 | – |
972 | 1.16 | 3-Phenylpropyl acetate | 122-72-5 | 2 | 1369 | 1388 | – |
1002 | 0.93 | Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate | 103-48-0 | 2 | 1392 | 1395 | [46,49] |
1062 | 1.00 | 2-Phenylethyl butanoate | 103-52-6 | 2 | 1441 | 1441 | [45,46,47] |
1092 | 1.40 | Ethyl 3-phenylpropenoate | 103-36-6 | 2 | 1466 | 1480 | [43,50] |
1320 | 0.64 | 2-Octyl benzoate (m/z 105,77,70, 41) | 6938-51-8 | 3 | 1721 | - | – |
1416 | 0.66 | 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | 118-56-9 | 2 | 1901 | 1904 | – |
Acids | |||||||
108 | 3.10 | Acetic acid | 64-19-7 | 2 | 637 | 631 | [23,43,45,47] |
270 | 4.81 | 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 503-74-2 | 2 | 862 | 861 | [43,48] |
468 | 4.51 | Hexanoic acid | 142-62-1 | 1 | 1007 | 997 | [23,43,45,46,47,48,50] |
762 | 3.23 | Octanoic Acid | 124-07-2 | 2 | 1212 | 1210 | [23,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,53] |
858 | 3.19 | Nonanoic acid | 112-05-0 | 2 | 1284 | 1288 | [43,47,53] |
990 | 2.79 | Decanoic acid | 334-48-5 | 2 | 1384 | 1387 | [43,45,46,47,53] |
1212 | 1.96 | Dodecanoic acid | 143-07-7 | 2 | 1578 | 1609 | [43,53] |
1350 | 1.32 | Tetradecanoic acid | 544-63-8 | 2 | 1772 | 1788 | – |
1422 | 1.14 | Pentadecanoic acid | 1002-84-2 | 1 | 1915 | 1878 | – |
1446 | 1.05 | Hexadecanoic acid | 57-10-3 | 1 | 1965 | 1964 | – |
Alcohols | |||||||
Aliphatics | |||||||
84 | 0.61 | 1-Propanol | 71-23-8 | 2 | 591 | 589 | [23,42] |
102 | 0.66 | 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 78-83-1 | 2 | 622 | 613 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,50,51,52,53] |
114 | 0.75 | 1-Butanol | 71-36-3 | 2 | 643 | 639 | – |
156 | 1.03 | 3-Methyl-1-butanol | 123-51-3 | 1 | 718 | 718 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] |
162 | 0.86 | 2-Methyl-1-butanol | 137-32-6 | 2 | 728 | 728 | [42,50,52] |
174 | 1.18 | 4-Penten-1-ol (m/z 67, 39, 68, 44) | 821-09-0 | 3 | 749 | - | – |
204 | 3.31 | 2,3-Butanediol (isomer) | 513-85-9 | 2 | 803 | 796 | [45] |
216 | 3.87 | 2,3-Butanediol (isomer) | 513-85-9 | 2 | 814 | 796 | [45] |
246 | 1.02 | 4-Methyl-1-pentanol | 626-89-1 | 2 | 838 | 843 | – |
258 | 1.03 | 3-Methyl-1-pentanol | 589-35-5 | 2 | 848 | 851 | – |
288 | 1.05 | 1-Hexanol | 111-27-3 | 1 | 875 | 880 | [23,43,45,46,47,48,49,50] |
324 | 0.85 | 2-Heptanol | 543-49-7 | 2 | 905 | 907 | – |
420 | 1.07 | 1-Heptanol | 111-70-6 | 2 | 975 | 970 | [43,45,46,47,48,50] |
432 | 1.01 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 3391-86-4 | 1 | 980 | 982 | [45,52] |
450 | 0.98 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol | 4630-06-2 | 2 | 996 | 996 | – |
456 | 0.81 | 3-Octanol | 589-98-0 | 1 | 996 | 1001 | – |
462 | 0.86 | 2-Octanol | 123-96-6 | 2 | 1001 | 1004 | [46] |
504 | 0.97 | 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 104-76-7 | 2 | 1030 | 1034 | [43,45,48] |
558 | 0.63 | 2-Octen-1-ol | 22104-78-5 | 2 | 1067 | 1074 | – |
564 | 1.05 | 1-Octanol | 111-87-5 | 1 | 1072 | 1074 | [23,43,45,46,47,48,49,50,53] |
606 | 0.84 | 2-Nonanol | 628-99-9 | 2 | 1101 | 1107 | [43,45] |
684 | 1.08 | C9 alcohol (m/z 55, 67, 41, 68) | - | 3 | 1159 | - | – |
702 | 0.63 | 2-Nonen-1-ol (isomer) | 22104-79-6 | 2 | 1167 | 1151 | – |
708 | 1.00 | 1-Nonanol | 143-08-8 | 2 | 1172 | 1174 | [43] |
714 | 0.64 | 2-Nonen-1-ol (isomer) | 22104-79-6 | 2 | 1175 | 1179 | – |
840 | 1.15 | 9-Decen-1-ol | 13019-22-2 | 2 | 1269 | 1272 | [43] |
846 | 0.97 | 1-Decanol | 112-30-1 | 1 | 1274 | 1265 | [43,45,46,47,49,50] |
888 | 0.79 | 2-Undecanol | 1653-30-1 | 1 | 1305 | 1309 | [43,45] |
1014 | 0.78 | 2-Dodecanol | 10203-28-8 | 1 | 1401 | 1413 | – |
1104 | 0.92 | 1-Dodecanol | 112-53-8 | 1 | 1476 | 1480 | [43,47,48] |
1410 | 0.66 | 1-Hexadecanol | 36653-82-4 | 2 | 1889 | 1884 | – |
Aromatics | |||||||
582 | 1.99 | Dimethylbenzenemethanol | 617-94-7 | 2 | 1085 | 1086 | – |
630 | 2.99 | Phenylethanol | 60-12-8 | 1 | 1119 | 1122 | [23,42,43,45,46,47,48,50,51,52,53] |
642 | 1.28 | 4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol (m/z 123, 138, 43, 67) | 2896-60-8 | 3 | 1126 | - | – |
774 | 1.52 | C10 Aromatic alcohol (m/z 115, 144, 63, 89) | - | 3 | 1219 | - | – |
1332 | 1.93 | 2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol | 1020-31-1 | 2 | 1743 | 1683 | – |
Cyclics | |||||||
846 | 1.65 | 1-Butyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol (m/z 97, 39, 41, 69) | 88116-46-5 | 3 | 1274 | - | – |
Sulfur compounds | |||||||
78 | 0.33 | Dimethyl sulfide | 75-18-3 | 2 | 580 | 526 | [52] |
162 | 0.58 | Dimethyl disulfide | 624-92-0 | 2 | 727 | 731 | [52] |
330 | 1.02 | 1,3-Oxathiane | 646-12-8 | 2 | 909 | 913 | – |
408 | 0.88 | Dimethyl trisulfide | 3658-80-8 | 2 | 963 | 969 | [52] |
438 | 2.86 | 3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol | 505-10-2 | 2 | 985 | 989 | [43,46,50,51,52] |
456 | 0.74 | 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanethiol | 59303-05-8 | 2 | 996 | 995 | – |
606 | 0.99 | Ethyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate | 13327-56-5 | 2 | 1101 | 1098 | – |
642 | 1.09 | 3-(Methylthio)-propyl acetate | 16630-55-0 | 2 | 1126 | 1125 | – |
780 | 2.03 | Benzothiazole | 95-16-9 | 2 | 1224 | 1230 | – |
816 | 0.67 | 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-thiophene | 1689-78-7 | 2 | 1251 | 1251 | – |
Volatile phenols | |||||||
588 | 2.89 | Guaicol | 90-05-1 | 1 | 1090 | 1095 | [49] |
858 | 2.01 | 4-Ethylguaiacol | 2785-89-9 | 2 | 1283 | 1290 | [50] |
900 | 2.99 | 4-Vinylguaiacol | 7786-61-0 | 2 | 1316 | 1333 | [43,46,47,50,51] |
Chemical Family | Number of Common Analytes | Number of Common Analytes within Each Chemical Family (%) | Chromatographic Area of the Common Analytes | Chromatographic Area of the Non-Common Analytes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acids | 10 | 58.8 | >Microbrewer ** | >Microbrewer * |
Alcohols | 37 | 61.7 | Equal | >Microbrewer *** |
Esters | 64 | 73.4 | >Microbrewer *** | >Microbrewer *** |
Monoterpenic compounds | 20 | 22.0 | >Microbrewer **** | >Microbrewer **** |
Norisoprenoids | 9 | 56.3 | Equal | >Microbrewer *** |
Sesquiterpenic compounds | 14 | 33.3 | >Microbrewer **** | >Microbrewer **** |
Sulfur compounds | 10 | 76.9 | >Macrobrewer *** | >Macrobrewer *** |
Volatile phenols | 3 | 100 | Equal | – |
TOTAL | 167 | 50.8 | >Microbrewer **** | >Microbrewer **** |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Martins, C.; Brandão, T.; Almeida, A.; Rocha, S.M. Enlarging Knowledge on Lager Beer Volatile Metabolites Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. Foods 2020, 9, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091276
Martins C, Brandão T, Almeida A, Rocha SM. Enlarging Knowledge on Lager Beer Volatile Metabolites Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091276
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins, Cátia, Tiago Brandão, Adelaide Almeida, and Sílvia M. Rocha. 2020. "Enlarging Knowledge on Lager Beer Volatile Metabolites Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography" Foods 9, no. 9: 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091276