Genotoxicity Assessment of Three Nutraceuticals Containing Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Agri-Food Waste Biomasses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Nutraceuticals
2.1.1. Taurisolo®
2.1.2. AnnurComplex® and Limoncella Apple Extract
2.2. Ames Test
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Ames Test Procedure
Appendix B
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 23 | 27 | 28 | 26 ± 2.6 | 38 | 45 | 47 | 43.3 ± 4.7 |
0.0016 | 23 | 23 | 32 | 26 ± 5.1 | 47 | 51 | 53 | 50.3 ± 3 |
0.005 | 26 | 35 | 28 | 29.6 ± 4.7 | 38 | 43 | 43 | 41.3 ± 2.8 |
0.016 | 37 | 28 | 32 | 32.3 ± 4.5 | 39 | 43 | 38 | 40 ± 2.6 |
0.05 | 37 | 24 | 24 | 28.3 ± 7.5 | 47 | 53 | 50 | 50 ± 3 |
0.16 | 27 | 29 | 31 | 29 ± 2 | 42 | 47 | 47 | 45.3 ± 2.8 |
0.5 | 32 | 28 | 34 | 31.3 ± 3 | 41 | 47 | 45 | 44.3 ± 3 |
1.6 | 36 | 32 | 28 | 32 ± 4 | 38 | 45 | 50 | 44.3 ± 6 |
5 | 29 | 38 | 31 | 32.6 ± 4.7 | 40 | 50 | 51 | 47 ± 6 |
Positive Control | 1102 | 1140 | 1237 | 1159.6 ± 69.6 | 1300 | 1400 | 1373 | 1357.6 ± 51.7 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 150 | 170 | 164 | 161.3 ± 10.2 | 203 | 225 | 224 | 217.3 ± 12.4 |
0.0016 | 190 | 187 | 175 | 184 ± 7.9 | 216 | 225 | 227 | 222.6 ± 5.8 |
0.005 | 210 | 222 | 175 | 202.3 ± 24.4 | 214 | 240 | 238 | 230.6 ± 14.4 |
0.016 | 175 | 192 | 215 | 194 ± 20 | 215 | 238 | 219 | 224 ± 12.2 |
0.05 | 220 | 240 | 233 | 231 ± 10 | 220 | 219 | 218 | 219 ± 1 |
0.16 | 198 | 220 | 183 | 200.3 ± 18.6 | 197 | 215 | 223 | 211 ± 13.3 |
0.5 | 180 | 205 | 183 | 189.3 ± 13.6 | 222 | 210 | 213 | 215 ± 6.2 |
1.6 | 192 | 220 | 170 | 194 ± 25 | 215 | 262 | 246 | 241 ± 23.8 |
5 | 230 | 215 | 206 | 217 ± 12.1 | 240 | 243 | 215 | 232.6 ± 15.3 |
Positive Control | 1572 | 1620 | 1680 | 1624 ± 54.1 | 1750 | 1742 | 1763 | 1751.6 ± 10.5 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 12 | 18 | 17 | 15.6 ± 3.2 | 22 | 23 | 12 | 19 ± 6 |
0.0016 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 13 ± 1.7 | 24 | 23 | 19 | 22 ± 2.6 |
0.005 | 20 | 16 | 21 | 19 ± 2.6 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26.6 ± 0.5 |
0.016 | 18 | 21 | 23 | 20.6 ± 2.5 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 29.3 ± 1.5 |
0.05 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 22.6 ± 1.5 | 31 | 27 | 23 | 27 ± 4 |
0.16 | 19 | 17 | 23 | 19.6 ± 3 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 20.3 ± 0.5 |
0.5 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 21.6 ± 1.1 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20.6 ± 0.5 |
1.6 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 19.6 ± 3 | 23 | 25 | 30 | 26 ± 3.6 |
5 | 30 | 28 | 25 | 27.6 ± 2.5 | 23 | 23 | 27 | 24.3 ± 2.3 |
Positive Control | 206 | 215 | 216 | 212.3 ± 5.5 | 210 | 215 | 213 | 212.6 ± 2.5 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 21 | 23 | 27 | 23.6 ± 3 | 21 | 19 | 17 | 19 ± 2 |
0.0016 | 27 | 21 | 20 | 22.6 ± 3.7 | 17 | 17 | 21 | 18.3 ± 2.3 |
0.005 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 26 | 26 | 25 ± 1.7 |
0.016 | 26 | 28 | 21 | 25 ± 3.6 | 30 | 29 | 21 | 26.6 ± 4.9 |
0.05 | 29 | 27 | 25 | 27 ± 2 | 28 | 23 | 23 | 24.6 ± 2.8 |
0.16 | 32 | 30 | 32 | 31.3 ± 1.1 | 26 | 22 | 23 | 23.6 ± 2 |
0.5 | 24 | 29 | 36 | 29.6 ± 6 | 34 | 31 | 30 | 31.6 ± 2 |
1.6 | 36 | 35 | 40 | 37 ± 2.6 | 28 | 29 | 36 | 31 ± 4.3 |
5 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30.3 ± 0.5 | 24 | 24 | 26 | 24.6 ± 1.1 |
Positive Control | 198 | 215 | 201 | 204.6 ± 9 | 218 | 242 | 243 | 234.3 ± 14.1 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 31 | 42 | 34 | 35.6 ± 5.6 | 39 | 41 | 37 | 39 ± 2 |
0.0016 | 31 | 35 | 35 | 33.6 ± 2.3 | 45 | 47 | 42 | 44.6 ± 2.5 |
0.005 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 32 ± 2 | 48 | 48 | 42 | 46 ± 3.4 |
0.016 | 35 | 42 | 34 | 37 ± 4.3 | 48 | 49 | 55 | 50.6 ± 3.7 |
0.05 | 37 | 41 | 46 | 41.3 ± 4.5 | 56 | 55 | 51 | 54 ± 2.6 |
0.16 | 37 | 42 | 42 | 40.3 ± 2.8 | 54 | 54 | 52 | 53.3 ± 1.1 |
0.5 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 39 ± 1.7 | 50 | 50 | 56 | 52 ± 3.4 |
1.6 | 39 | 39 | 43 | 40.3 ± 2.3 | 57 | 48 | 58 | 54.3 ± 5.5 |
5 | 42 | 52 | 40 | 44.6 ± 6.4 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 52 ± 2 |
Positive Control | 180 | 182 | 186 | 182.6 ± 3 | 242 | 248 | 226 | 238.6 ± 11.3 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 24 | 27 | 33 | 28 ± 4.5 | 31 | 37 | 42 | 36.6 ± 5.5 |
0.0016 | 21 | 27 | 27 | 25 ± 3.4 | 34 | 34 | 37 | 35 ± 1.7 |
0.005 | 32 | 30 | 23 | 28.3 ± 4.7 | 37 | 39 | 43 | 39.6 ± 3 |
0.016 | 30 | 31 | 34 | 31.6 ± 2 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 39.3 ± 1.1 |
0.05 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 26.3 ± 1.1 | 42 | 46 | 42 | 43.3 ± 2.3 |
0.16 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32.6 ± 0.5 | 38 | 48 | 48 | 44.6 ± 5.7 |
0.5 | 35 | 38 | 36 | 36.3 ± 1.5 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 40.6 ± 0.5 |
1.6 | 27 | 34 | 21 | 27.3 ± 6.5 | 42 | 44 | 38 | 41.3 ± 3 |
5 | 34 | 38 | 38 | 36.6 ± 2.3 | 38 | 32 | 34 | 34.6 ± 3 |
Positive Control | 1180 | 1250 | 1228 | 1219.3 ± 35.7 | 1280 | 1340 | 1330 | 1316.6 ± 32.1 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 167 | 183 | 182 | 177.3 ± 8.9 | 182 | 203 | 212 | 199 ± 15.3 |
0.0016 | 184 | 185 | 163 | 177.3 ± 12.4 | 207 | 209 | 217 | 211 ± 5.2 |
0.005 | 212 | 214 | 197 | 207.6 ± 9.2 | 230 | 214 | 206 | 216.6 ± 12.2 |
0.016 | 194 | 210 | 185 | 196.3 ± 12.6 | 219 | 223 | 204 | 215.3 ± 10 |
0.05 | 221 | 232 | 207 | 220 ± 12.5 | 215 | 215 | 217 | 215.6 ± 1.1 |
0.16 | 202 | 224 | 268 | 231.3 ± 33.6 | 197 | 203 | 234 | 211.3 ± 19.8 |
0.5 | 235 | 210 | 222 | 222.3 ± 12.5 | 222 | 214 | 232 | 222.6 ± 9 |
1.6 | 196 | 210 | 177 | 194.3 ± 16.5 | 214 | 239 | 227 | 226.6 ± 12.5 |
5 | 223 | 221 | 207 | 217 ± 8.7 | 229 | 229 | 230 | 229.3 ± 0.5 |
Positive Control | 1631 | 1677 | 1642 | 1650 ± 24 | 1756 | 1738 | 1742 | 1745.3 ± 9.4 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 12 | 12 | 15 | 13 ± 1.7 | 18 | 17 | 19 | 18 ± 1 |
0.0016 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 18.3 ± 2.8 | 21 | 23 | 19 | 21 ± 2 |
0.005 | 16 | 12 | 22 | 16.6 ± 5 | 24 | 23 | 27 | 24.6 ± 2 |
0.016 | 17 | 15 | 22 | 18 ± 3.6 | 25 | 28 | 35 | 29.3 ± 5.1 |
0.05 | 19 | 19 | 22 | 20 ± 1.7 | 27 | 28 | 19 | 24.6 ± 4.9 |
0.16 | 27 | 16 | 24 | 22.3 ± 5.6 | 17 | 28 | 22 | 22.3 ± 5.5 |
0.5 | 19 | 17 | 22 | 19.3 ± 2.5 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
1.6 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23.6 ± 0.5 | 24 | 21 | 23 | 22.6 ± 1.5 |
5 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 28 ± 3 |
Positive Control | 215 | 220 | 207 | 214 ± 6.5 | 214 | 227 | 206 | 215.6 ± 10.5 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 18 | 20 | 18 | 18.6 ± 1.1 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 19 ± 1 |
0.0016 | 22 | 26 | 20 | 22.6 ± 3 | 23 | 21 | 23 | 22.3 ± 1.1 |
0.005 | 24 | 24 | 28 | 25.3 ± 2.3 | 25 | 27 | 24 | 25.3 ± 1.5 |
0.016 | 28 | 28 | 21 | 25.6 ± 4 | 32 | 28 | 23 | 27.6 ± 4.5 |
0.05 | 30 | 30 | 34 | 31.3 ± 2.3 | 26 | 21 | 21 | 22.6 ± 2.8 |
0.16 | 26 | 36 | 34 | 32 ± 5.3 | 21 | 25 | 25 | 23.6 ± 2.3 |
0.5 | 30 | 29 | 31 | 30 ± 1 | 31 | 34 | 27 | 30.6 ± 3.5 |
1.6 | 28 | 27 | 31 | 28.6 ± 2 | 30 | 32 | 28 | 30 ± 2 |
5 | 32 | 36 | 34 | 34 ± 2 | 26 | 32 | 28 | 28.6 ± 3 |
Positive Control | 191 | 197 | 213 | 200.3 ± 11.3 | 240 | 229 | 226 | 231.6 ± 7.3 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 34 | 38 | 34 | 35.3 ± 2.3 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 39.3 ± 1.1 |
0.0016 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 34.3 ± 3.5 | 45 | 47 | 47 | 46.3 ± 1.1 |
0.005 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 31.3 ± 2.5 | 49 | 43 | 47 | 46.3 ± 3 |
0.016 | 28 | 47 | 34 | 36.3 ± 9.7 | 52 | 52 | 50 | 51.3 ± 1.1 |
0.05 | 37 | 41 | 41 | 39.6 ± 2.3 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 50.6 ± 0.5 |
0.16 | 39 | 35 | 35 | 36.3 ± 2.3 | 47 | 50 | 41 | 46 ± 4.5 |
0.5 | 38 | 28 | 34 | 33.3 ± 5 | 49 | 47 | 51 | 49 ± 2 |
1.6 | 37 | 29 | 32 | 32.6 ± 4 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 51.3 ± 1.5 |
5 | 41 | 29 | 43 | 37.6 ± 7.5 | 41 | 43 | 48 | 44 ± 3.6 |
Positive Control | 161 | 181 | 154 | 165.3 ± 14 | 228 | 262 | 223 | 237.6 ± 21.2 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 26 | 27 | 24 | 25.6 ± 1.5 | 43 | 42 | 44 | 43 ± 1 |
0.0016 | 28 | 33 | 32 | 31 ± 2.6 | 43 | 44 | 47 | 44.6 ± 2 |
0.005 | 29 | 26 | 27 | 27.3 ± 1.5 | 38 | 37 | 38 | 37.6 ± 0.5 |
0.016 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 ± 1.7 | 39 | 41 | 44 | 41.3 ± 2.5 |
0.05 | 24 | 29 | 31 | 28 ± 3.6 | 43 | 47 | 49 | 46.3 ± 3 |
0.16 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 29 ± 3 | 43 | 40 | 45 | 42.6 ± 2.5 |
0.5 | 27 | 25 | 26 | 26 ± 1 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 36.3 ± 2.5 |
1.6 | 34 | 37 | 31 | 34 ± 3 | 41 | 37 | 38 | 38.6 ± 2 |
5 | 30 | 36 | 37 | 34.3 ± 3.7 | 39 | 33 | 39 | 37 ± 3.4 |
Positive Control | 1121 | 1237 | 1222 | 1193.3 ± 63 | 1290 | 1310 | 1360 | 1320 ± 36 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 162 | 168 | 176 | 168.6 ± 7 | 184 | 184 | 203 | 190.3 ± 10.9 |
0.0016 | 178 | 179 | 176 | 177.6 ± 1.5 | 205 | 209 | 217 | 210.3 ± 6.1 |
0.005 | 195 | 215 | 199 | 203 ± 10.5 | 231 | 227 | 234 | 230.6 ± 3.5 |
0.016 | 189 | 207 | 189 | 195 ± 10.3 | 226 | 239 | 229 | 231.3 ± 6.8 |
0.05 | 217 | 219 | 203 | 213 ± 8.7 | 219 | 227 | 234 | 226.6 ± 7.5 |
0.16 | 187 | 217 | 189 | 197.6 ± 16.7 | 206 | 212 | 232 | 216.6 ± 13.6 |
0.5 | 197 | 210 | 180 | 195.6 ± 15 | 225 | 209 | 242 | 225.3 ± 16.5 |
1.6 | 174 | 180 | 174 | 176 ± 3.4 | 217 | 239 | 227 | 227.6 ± 11 |
5 | 195 | 200 | 209 | 201.3 ± 7 | 230 | 228 | 234 | 230.6 ± 3 |
Positive Control | 1537 | 1499 | 1573 | 1536.3 ± 37 | 1635 | 1750 | 1749 | 1711.3 ± 66.1 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 10 | 20 | 18 | 16 ± 5.2 | 18 | 22 | 27 | 22.3 ± 4.5 |
0.0016 | 20 | 17 | 22 | 19.6 ± 2.5 | 23 | 27 | 25 | 25 ± 2 |
0.005 | 16 | 22 | 21 | 19.6 ± 3.2 | 20 | 26 | 32 | 26 ± 6 |
0.016 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 20.6 ± 1.1 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 24.6 ± 1.5 |
0.05 | 20 | 24 | 32 | 25.3 ± 6.1 | 24 | 28 | 23 | 25 ± 2.6 |
0.16 | 20 | 18 | 23 | 20.3 ± 2.5 | 21 | 19 | 26 | 22 ± 3.6 |
0.5 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 21 ± 2 | 22 | 20 | 32 | 24.6 ± 6.4 |
1.6 | 26 | 21 | 24 | 23.6 ± 2.5 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26.6 ± 0.5 |
5 | 20 | 32 | 24 | 25.3 ± 6.1 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 22.6 ± 1.1 |
Positive Control | 190 | 191 | 232 | 204.3 ± 23.9 | 210 | 210 | 234 | 218 ± 13.8 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 18 | 18 | 26 | 20.6 ± 4.6 | 20 | 28 | 24 | 24 ± 4 |
0.0016 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 26.3 ± 0.5 | 25 | 25 | 27 | 25.6 ± 1.1 |
0.005 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 26.6 ± 2.5 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 25.3 ± 1.1 |
0.016 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 29.3 ± 1.1 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29.3 ± 0.5 |
0.05 | 31 | 34 | 30 | 31.6 ± 2 | 25 | 27 | 31 | 27.6 ± 3 |
0.16 | 29 | 30 | 33 | 30.6 ± 2 | 24 | 23 | 26 | 24.3 ± 1.5 |
0.5 | 31 | 29 | 36 | 32 ± 3.6 | 29 | 31 | 32 | 30.6 ± 1.5 |
1.6 | 30 | 35 | 33 | 32.6 ± 2.5 | 27 | 31 | 31 | 29.6 ± 2.3 |
5 | 35 | 38 | 33 | 35.3 ± 2.5 | 26 | 30 | 26 | 27.3 ± 2.3 |
Positive Control | 210 | 217 | 196 | 207.6 ± 10.6 | 210 | 215 | 240 | 221.6 ± 16 |
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/plate | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd | Replicate1 | Replicate2 | Replicate3 | Mean ± sd |
Negative control | 36 | 38 | 38 | 37.3 ± 1.1 | 38 | 40 | 44 | 40.6 ± 3 |
0.0016 | 37 | 35 | 35 | 35.6 ± 1.1 | 43 | 47 | 43 | 44.3 ± 2.3 |
0.005 | 29 | 34 | 40 | 34.3 ± 5.5 | 51 | 41 | 43 | 45 ± 5.2 |
0.016 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 36.6 ± 5.7 | 48 | 52 | 50 | 50 ± 2 |
0.05 | 40 | 43 | 38 | 40.3 ± 2.5 | 53 | 48 | 51 | 50.6 ± 2.5 |
0.16 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 38 ± 1.7 | 47 | 51 | 43 | 47 ± 4 |
0.5 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 39.3 ± 0.5 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
1.6 | 35 | 39 | 50 | 41.3 ± 7.7 | 48 | 53 | 61 | 54 ± 6.5 |
5 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 42.6 ± 0.5 | 44 | 45 | 49 | 46 ± 2.6 |
Positive Control | 180 | 179 | 204 | 187.6 ± 14.1 | 230 | 237 | 249 | 238.6 ± 9.6 |
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Mean Revertants | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||||
mg/plate | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A |
Negative control | 26 ± 2.6 | 161.3 ± 10.2 | 15.6 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 3 | 35.6 ± 5.6 | 43.3 ± 4.7 | 217.3 ± 12.4 | 19 ± 6 | 19 ± 2 | 39 ± 2 |
0.0016 | 26 ± 5.1 | 184 ± 7.9 | 13 ± 1.7 | 22.6 ± 3.7 | 33.6 ± 2.3 | 50.3 ± 3 | 222.6 ± 5.8 | 22 ± 2.6 | 18.3 ± 2.3 | 44.6 ± 2.5 |
0.005 | 29.6 ± 4.7 | 202.3 ± 24.4 | 19 ± 2.6 | 23 | 32 ± 2 | 41.3 ± 2.8 | 230.6 ± 14.4 | 26.6 ± 0.5 | 25 ± 1.7 | 46 ± 3.4 |
0.016 | 32.3 ± 4.5 | 194 ± 20 | 20.6 ± 2.5 | 25 ± 3.6 | 37 ± 4.3 | 40 ± 2.6 | 224 ± 12.2 | 29.3 ± 1.5 | 26.6 ± 4.9 | 50.6 ± 3.7 |
0.05 | 28.3 ± 7.5 | 231 ± 10 | 22.6 ± 1.5 | 27 ± 2 | 41.3 ± 4.5 | 50 ± 3 | 219 ± 1 | 27 ± 4 | 24.6 ± 2.8 | 54 ± 2.6 |
0.16 | 29 ± 2 | 200.3 ± 18.6 | 19.6 ± 3 | 31.3 ± 1.1 | 40.3 ± 2.8 | 45.3 ± 2.8 | 211 ± 13.3 | 20.3 ± 0.5 | 23.6 ± 2 | 53.3 ± 1.1 |
0.5 | 31.3 ± 3 | 189.3 ± 13.6 | 21.6 ± 1.1 | 29.6 ± 6 | 39 ± 1.7 | 44.3 ± 3 | 215 ± 6.2 | 20.6 ± 0.5 | 31.6 ± 2 | 52 ± 3.4 |
1.6 | 32 ± 4 | 194 ± 25 | 19.6 ± 3 | 37 ± 2.6 | 40.3 ± 2.3 | 44.3 ± 6 | 241 ± 23.8 | 26 ± 3.6 | 31 ± 4.3 | 54.3 ± 5.5 |
5 | 32.6 ± 4.7 | 217 ± 12.1 | 27.6 ± 2.5 | 30.3 ± 0.5 | 44.6 ± 6.4 | 47 ± 6 | 232.6 ± 15.3 | 24.3 ± 2.3 | 24.6 ± 1.1 | 52 ± 2 |
Positive Control | 1159.6 ± 69.6 | 1624 ± 54.1 | 212.3 ± 5.5 | 204.6 ± 9 | 182.6 ± 3 | 1357.6 ± 51.7 | 1751.6 ± 10.5 | 212.6 ± 2.5 | 234.3 ± 14.1 | 238.6 ± 11.3 |
Mutagenic Index | −S9 | +S9 | ||||||||
mg/plate | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A |
Negative control | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
0.0016 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
0.005 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
0.016 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
0.16 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.0 |
0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
1.6 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
5 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 |
Positive Control | 44.6 ± 3.0 | 10.1 ± 0.4 | 13.6 ± 1.6 | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 31.3 ± 2.1 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 11.2 ± 2.1 | 12.3 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
Mean Revertants | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||||
mg/plate | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A |
Negative control | 28 ± 4.5 | 177.3 ± 8.9 | 13 ± 1.7 | 18.6 ± 1.1 | 35.3 ± 2.3 | 36.6 ± 5.5 | 199 ± 15.3 | 18 ± 1 | 19 ± 1 | 39.3 ± 1.1 |
0.0016 | 25 ± 3.4 | 177.3 ± 12.4 | 18.3 ± 2.8 | 22.6 ± 3 | 34.3 ± 3.5 | 35 ± 1.7 | 211 ± 5.2 | 21 ± 2 | 22.3 ± 1.1 | 46.3 ± 1.1 |
0.005 | 28.3 ± 4.7 | 207.6 ± 9.2 | 16.6 ± 5 | 25.3 ± 2.3 | 31.3 ± 2.5 | 39.6 ± 3 | 216.6 ± 12.2 | 24.6 ± 2 | 25.3 ± 1.5 | 46.3 ± 3 |
0.016 | 31.6 ± 2 | 196.3 ± 12.6 | 18 ± 3.6 | 25.6 ± 4 | 36.3 ± 9.7 | 39.3 ± 1.1 | 215.3 ± 10 | 29.3 ± 5.1 | 27.6 ± 4.5 | 51.3 ± 1.1 |
0.05 | 26.3 ± 1.1 | 220 ± 12.5 | 20 ± 1.7 | 31.3 ± 2.3 | 39.6 ± 2.3 | 43.3 ± 2.3 | 215.6 ± 1.1 | 24.6 ± 4.9 | 22.6 ± 2.8 | 50.6 ± 0.5 |
0.16 | 32.6 ± 0.5 | 231.3 ± 33.6 | 22.3 ± 5.6 | 32 ± 5.3 | 36.3 ± 2.3 | 44.6 ± 5.7 | 211.3 ± 19.8 | 22.3 ± 5.5 | 23.6 ± 2.3 | 46 ± 4.5 |
0.5 | 36.3 ± 1.5 | 222.3 ± 12.5 | 19.3 ± 2.5 | 30 ± 1 | 33.3 ± 5 | 40.6 ± 0.5 | 222.6 ± 9 | 21 | 30.6 ± 3.5 | 49 ± 2 |
1.6 | 27.3 ± 6.5 | 194.3 ± 16.5 | 23.6 ± 0.5 | 28.6 ± 2 | 32.6 ± 4 | 41.3 ± 3 | 226.6 ± 12.5 | 22.6 ± 1.5 | 30 ± 2 | 51.3 ± 1.5 |
5 | 36.6 ± 2.3 | 217 ± 8.7 | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 34 ± 2 | 37.6 ± 7.5 | 34.6 ± 3 | 229.3 ± 0.5 | 28 ± 3 | 28.6 ± 3 | 44 ± 3.6 |
Positive Control | 1219.3 ± 35.7 | 1650 ± 24 | 214 ± 6.5 | 200.3 ± 11.3 | 165.3 ± 14 | 1316.6 ± 32.1 | 1745.3 ± 9.4 | 215.6 ± 10.5 | 231.6 ± 7.3 | 237.6 ± 21.2 |
Mutagenic Index | −S9 | +S9 | ||||||||
mg/plate | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A |
Negative control | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
0.0016 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 |
0.005 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 |
0.016 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 |
0.05 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 |
0.16 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 |
1.6 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 |
5 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
Positive Control | 43.5 ± 3.2 | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 16.5 ± 1.3 | 10.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 35.9 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 12.0 ± 0.5 | 12.2 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.3 |
Mean Revertants | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−S9 | +S9 | |||||||||
mg/plate | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A |
Negative control | 25.6 ± 1.5 | 168.6 ± 7 | 16 ± 5.2 | 20.6 ± 4.6 | 37.3 ± 1.1 | 43 ± 1 | 190.3 ± 10.9 | 22.3 ± 4.5 | 24 ± 4 | 40.6 ± 3 |
0.0016 | 31 ± 2.6 | 177.6 ± 1.5 | 19.6 ± 2.5 | 26.3 ± 0.5 | 35.6 ± 1.1 | 44.6 ± 2 | 210.3 ± 6.1 | 25 ± 2 | 25.6 ± 1.1 | 44.3 ± 2.3 |
0.005 | 27.3 ± 1.5 | 203 ± 10.5 | 19.6 ± 3.2 | 26.6 ± 2.5 | 34.3 ± 5.5 | 37.6 ± 0.5 | 230.6 ± 3.5 | 26 ± 6 | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 45 ± 5.2 |
0.016 | 26 ± 1.7 | 195 ± 10.3 | 20.6 ± 1.1 | 29.3 ± 1.1 | 36.6 ± 5.7 | 41.3 ± 2.5 | 231.3 ± 6.8 | 24.6 ± 1.5 | 29.3 ± 0.5 | 50 ± 2 |
0.05 | 28 ± 3.6 | 213 ± 8.7 | 25.3 ± 6.1 | 31.6 ± 2 | 40.3 ± 2.5 | 46.3 ± 3 | 226.6 ± 7.5 | 25 ± 2.6 | 27.6 ± 3 | 50.6 ± 2.5 |
0.16 | 29 ± 3 | 197.6 ± 16.7 | 20.3 ± 2.5 | 30.6 ± 2 | 38 ± 1.7 | 42.6 ± 2.5 | 216.6 ± 13.6 | 22 ± 3.6 | 24.3 ± 1.5 | 47 ± 4 |
0.5 | 26 ± 1 | 195.6 ± 15 | 21 ± 2 | 32 ± 3.6 | 39.3 ± 0.5 | 36.3 ± 2.5 | 225.3 ± 16.5 | 24.6 ± 6.4 | 30.6 ± 1.5 | 47 |
1.6 | 34 ± 3 | 176 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 2.5 | 32.6 ± 2.5 | 41.3 ± 7.7 | 38.6 ± 2 | 227.6 ± 11 | 26.6 ± 0.5 | 29.6 ± 2.3 | 54 ± 6.5 |
5 | 34.3 ± 3.7 | 201.3 ± 7 | 25.3 ± 6.1 | 35.3 ± 2.5 | 42.6 ± 0.5 | 37 ± 3.4 | 230.6 ± 3 | 22.6 ± 1.1 | 27.3 ± 2.3 | 46 ± 2.6 |
Positive Control | 1193.3 ± 63 | 1536.3 ± 37 | 204.3 ± 23.9 | 207.6 ± 10.6 | 187.6 ± 14.1 | 1320 ± 36 | 1711.3 ± 66.1 | 218 ± 13.8 | 221.6 ± 16 | 238.6 ± 9.6 |
Mutagenic Index | −S9 | +S9 | ||||||||
mg/plate | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A | TA98 | TA100 | TA1535 | TA1537 | E.coli WP2 Uvr A |
Negative control | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
0.0016 | 1. 2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
0.005 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
0.016 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
0.05 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
0.16 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
1.6 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
5 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
Positive Control | 46.5 ± 2.1 | 9.1 ± 0.3 | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 30.7 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 9.8 ± 1.2 | 9.2 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 0.3 |
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Badolati, N.; Masselli, R.; Maisto, M.; Di Minno, A.; Tenore, G.C.; Stornaiuolo, M.; Novellino, E. Genotoxicity Assessment of Three Nutraceuticals Containing Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Agri-Food Waste Biomasses. Foods 2020, 9, 1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101461
Badolati N, Masselli R, Maisto M, Di Minno A, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. Genotoxicity Assessment of Three Nutraceuticals Containing Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Agri-Food Waste Biomasses. Foods. 2020; 9(10):1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101461
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadolati, Nadia, Raffaello Masselli, Maria Maisto, Alessandro Di Minno, Gian Carlo Tenore, Mariano Stornaiuolo, and Ettore Novellino. 2020. "Genotoxicity Assessment of Three Nutraceuticals Containing Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Agri-Food Waste Biomasses" Foods 9, no. 10: 1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101461