See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Crossmodal Influence of Aroma on Basic Taste Perception
1.2. Influence of Container Colour and Weight on the Perception of Basic Tastes and Flavour
1.3. The Food Matrix as a Moderating Factor
1.4. Aims and Hypothesis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Overview
2.2. Participants
2.3. Stimuli
2.3.1. Beverages
2.3.2. Beverage Receptacles
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Product and Ratings Overview
3.2. Effect of Colour and Weight of Receptacle
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Receptacle Colour and Weight on Preference and Perception of Basic Tastes
4.2. Effect of Flavour on Liking and Perception, Specifically Sweetness
4.3. Combined Effects of Intrinsic (Flavour) and Extrinsic Factors (Colour, Weight) on Liking and Perception
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group 1 (Grapefruit) | Group 2 (Raspberry) | Group 3 (Lemon) | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 134 | 132 | 135 |
Female | 86 | 90 | 100 |
Age (Stdev) | 33.0 (14.6) | 32.8 (14.2) | 30.6 (14.2) |
Flavour Variant | Grapefruit | Lemon | Raspberry |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/100 mL) | 31 | 32 | 36 |
Carbohydrates (g/100 mL) | 7.7 | 7.7 | 8.1 |
Sugars (g/100 mL) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.3 |
Protein (g/100 mL) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Fat (g/100 mL) | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
Liking | Sweetness | Sourness | Bitterness | Carbonation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liking | 1.0 | 0.39 ** | −0.17 ** | −0.29 ** | −0.05 * |
Sweetness | - | 1.0 | −0.18 ** | −0.21 ** | 0.02 |
Sourness | - | - | 1.0 | 0.39 ** | 0.12 ** |
Bitterness | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.15 ** |
Carbonation | - | - | - | - | 1.0 |
Effect | Df | Error df | F | p | ηp2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liking | Flavour | 2 | 382 | 6.93 | 0.001 | 0.035 |
Colour | 1 | 382 | 3.21 | 0.07 | 0.008 | |
Weight | 1 | 382 | 1.59 | 0.21 | 0.004 | |
Colour × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.003 | |
Weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.27 | 0.77 | 0.001 | |
Colour × weight | 1 | 382 | 0.18 | 0.68 | <0.0005 | |
Colour × weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.003 | |
Sweetness | Flavour | 2 | 382 | 10.24 | <0.0005 | 0.051 |
Colour | 1 | 382 | 2.36 | 0.13 | 0.006 | |
Weight | 1 | 382 | 0.02 | 0.91 | <0.0005 | |
Colour × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.005 | |
Weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.39 | 0.68 | 0.002 | |
Colour × weight | 1 | 382 | 2.71 | 0.10 | 0.007 | |
Colour × weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 2.26 | 0.11 | 0.012 | |
Sourness | Flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.99 | 0.37 | 0.005 |
Colour | 1 | 382 | 0.004 | 0.95 | <0.0005 | |
Weight | 1 | 382 | 0.09 | 0.76 | <0.0005 | |
Colour × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.25 | 0.78 | 0.001 | |
Weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 1.27 | 0.28 | 0.007 | |
Colour × weight | 1 | 382 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.001 | |
Colour × weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.49 | 0.61 | 0.003 | |
Bitterness | Flavour | 2 | 382 | 17.97 | <0.0005 | 0.086 |
Colour | 1 | 382 | 0.29 | 0.59 | 0.001 | |
Weight | 1 | 382 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.001 | |
Colour × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.17 | 0.84 | 0.001 | |
Weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 0.005 | |
Colour × weight | 1 | 382 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.001 | |
Colour × weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.93 | 0.40 | 0.005 | |
Carbonation | Flavour | 2 | 382 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.003 |
Colour | 1 | 382 | 5.49 | 0.02 | 0.014 | |
Weight | 1 | 382 | 0.77 | 0.38 | 0.002 | |
Colour × flavour | 2 | 382 | 1.12 | 0.33 | 0.006 | |
Weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 2.76 | 0.06 | 0.014 | |
Colour × weight | 1 | 382 | 1.21 | 0.27 | 0.003 | |
Colour × weight × flavour | 2 | 382 | 1.21 | 0.30 | 0.006 |
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Share and Cite
Mielby, L.A.; Wang, Q.J.; Jensen, S.; Bertelsen, A.S.; Kidmose, U.; Spence, C.; Byrne, D.V. See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages. Foods 2018, 7, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7080119
Mielby LA, Wang QJ, Jensen S, Bertelsen AS, Kidmose U, Spence C, Byrne DV. See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages. Foods. 2018; 7(8):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7080119
Chicago/Turabian StyleMielby, Line Ahm, Qian Janice Wang, Sidsel Jensen, Anne Sjoerup Bertelsen, Ulla Kidmose, Charles Spence, and Derek Victor Byrne. 2018. "See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages" Foods 7, no. 8: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7080119