Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, Food Preservation, and Insecticidal Properties of Origanum syriacum and Cymbopogon winterianus Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Equipment
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Powder Preparation
2.4. Extract Preparation
2.5. Essential Oil Extraction
2.5.1. Relative Density of the Essential Oil
2.5.2. Refractive Index of the Essential Oil
2.5.3. Chromatographic Analysis of the Essential Oil
2.6. Qualitative Analysis–Phytochemical Screening
2.7. Quantitative Analysis
2.7.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.7.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.8. Antioxidant Activity: DPPH Assay
2.9. Food Preservation
2.9.1. Flatbread Preparation Method
2.9.2. Flatbread Moisture Content
2.9.3. Sensory Evaluation
2.10. Insecticidal Activity
2.10.1. Preparation of Dishes
2.10.2. Preparation of Solutions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Essential Oil Yield and Characteristics
3.2. Essential Oil Chemical Composition
3.3. Qualitative Analysis–Phytochemical Screening
3.4. Quantitative Study
3.5. Oregano and Java Citronella Powders as Food Preservatives in Flatbread
3.5.1. Visual Analysis over Time
3.5.2. Flatbread Moisture Content
3.5.3. Flatbread Sensory Analysis
3.6. Essential Oils for Pest Control
3.6.1. Visual Assessment over Time
3.6.2. Determination of Lethal Time 50 (LT50)
3.6.3. Determination of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolites | Extract | Reagent | Color | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reducing sugar | 0.5 mL | 1 mL water + 5–8 drops Fehling’s (A+B) + boiling (5 min) | Brick-red precipitate | [20] |
Anthraquinones | 1 mL | 1 mL HCl (10%) + boiling (5 min) | Precipitate | [21] |
Proteins and amino acids | 1 mL | 1 mL ninhydrin (0.25%) + boiling (5 min) | Blue color | [22] |
Phlobatannins | 1 mL | 1 mL HCl (1%) + boiling (5 min) + cooling | Red precipitate | [23] |
Tannins | 1 mL | 1 mL ferric chloride (FeCl3 1%) | Blue color | [24] |
Resins | 1 mL | 0.5 mL acetone + small amount of water + agitation | Turbidity | [25] |
Terpenoids | 1 mL | 2 mL chloroform + 1 mL concentrated sulfuric acid | Reddish brown color on the surface | [20] |
Flavonoids | 1 mL | 5 mL potassium hydroxide (KOH 50%) | Yellow color | [26] |
Quinones | 1 mL | 1 mL HCl concentrated | Precipitate or yellow color | [21] |
Sterols and steroids | 1 mL | 2 mL chloroform + 1 mL concentrated sulfuric acid | Red color of the upper layer + greenish yellow fluorescence in the acid layer | [22,27] |
Diterpenes | 1 mL | Few drops of copper acetate | Green color | [24] |
Anthocyanins | 1 mL | 1 mL NaOH (10%) | Blue color | [28] |
Flavanones | 1 mL | concentrated | Purple red color | [28] |
Cardiac glycosides | 2 mL | 5%) + 1 mL concentrated sulfuric acid | Purple ring + Brown ring + Green ring | [22,28] |
Saponins | 2 mL | Vigorous shaking (5 min on vortex) | Layer of foam | [20] |
Phenols | 5 mL | (1%) + ) (1%) | Greenish blue color | [24] |
Fixed oils and fatty acids | Small amount of extract | On filter paper | Oil spot | [20] |
Sample Code | Syrian Oregano Powder (%) | Java Citronella Powder (%) |
---|---|---|
C | - | - |
0.5O | 0.5 | - |
1O | 1 | - |
1.5O | 1.5 | - |
2O | 2 | - |
2.5O | 2.5 | - |
3O | 3 | - |
0.5C+O | 0.25 | 0.25 |
1C+O | 0.5 | 0.5 |
1.5C+O | 0.75 | 0.75 |
2C+O | 1 | 1 |
2.5C+O | 1.25 | 1.25 |
3C+O | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Sample Code | SOEO (µL) | JCEO (µL) | Ethanol (µL) |
---|---|---|---|
NA | - | - | - |
ET | - | - | 1000 |
2% O | 20 | - | 980 |
3% O | 30 | - | 970 |
5% O | 50 | - | 950 |
7% O | 70 | - | 930 |
10% O | 100 | - | 900 |
2% C+O | 10 | 10 | 980 |
3% C+O | 15 | 15 | 970 |
5% C+O | 25 | 25 | 950 |
7% C+O | 35 | 35 | 930 |
10% C+O | 50 | 50 | 900 |
Peak | Compound Name | Retention Time (min) | Area Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | α-thujene | 4.73 | 1.65 |
2 | 4-carene | 5.37 | 2.49 |
3 | p-cymene | 5.64 | 5.31 |
4 | Cyclohexene | 5.69 | 0.56 |
5 | γ-Terpinene | 6.69 | 9.77 |
6 | cis-β-terpineol | 6.82 | 0.46 |
7 | Thymol | 15.47 | 0.47 |
8 | Carvacrol | 17.75 | 79.30 |
Metabolites | Aqueous Extract | Ethanolic Extract |
---|---|---|
Reducing sugars | ++ | - |
Anthraquinones | + | + |
Proteins and amino acids | - | ++ |
Phlobatannins | + | + |
Tannins | ++ | ++ |
Resins | ++ | ++ |
Terpenoids | ++ | ++ |
Flavonoids | +++ | +++ |
Quinones | ++ | ++ |
Sterols and steroids | - | ++ |
Diterpenes | - | ++ |
Anthocyanins | - | - |
Flavanones | ++ | ++ |
Cardiac glycosides | ++ | ++ |
Saponins | ++ | ++ |
Phenols | ++ | ++ |
Fixed oils and fatty acids | ++ | ++ |
Essential Oil Concentration | LT50 |
---|---|
2% O | NA |
3% O | NA |
5% O | NA |
7% O | 24 h |
10% O | 12 h |
2% C+O | NA |
3% C+O | NA |
5% C+O | 24 h |
7% C+O | 6 h |
10% C+O | Between 30 min and 6 h |
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Rammal, M.; Kara, M.; Badran, A.; Haidar, C.; Zahreddine, H.; Bassal, H.; Bechelany, M.; El-Dakdouki, M.H.; Hijazi, A. Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, Food Preservation, and Insecticidal Properties of Origanum syriacum and Cymbopogon winterianus Extracts. Foods 2025, 14, 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14081347
Rammal M, Kara M, Badran A, Haidar C, Zahreddine H, Bassal H, Bechelany M, El-Dakdouki MH, Hijazi A. Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, Food Preservation, and Insecticidal Properties of Origanum syriacum and Cymbopogon winterianus Extracts. Foods. 2025; 14(8):1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14081347
Chicago/Turabian StyleRammal, Marwa, Maya Kara, Adnan Badran, Chaden Haidar, Hawraa Zahreddine, Hussein Bassal, Mikhael Bechelany, Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki, and Akram Hijazi. 2025. "Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, Food Preservation, and Insecticidal Properties of Origanum syriacum and Cymbopogon winterianus Extracts" Foods 14, no. 8: 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14081347
APA StyleRammal, M., Kara, M., Badran, A., Haidar, C., Zahreddine, H., Bassal, H., Bechelany, M., El-Dakdouki, M. H., & Hijazi, A. (2025). Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, Food Preservation, and Insecticidal Properties of Origanum syriacum and Cymbopogon winterianus Extracts. Foods, 14(8), 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14081347