Energy and Macronutrient Dietary Intakes of Serbian Adults 18–64 Years Old: EFSA EU Menu Food Consumption Survey in Serbia (2017–2022)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims
- To provide detailed evidence on the energy and macronutrient intake patterns among Serbian adults, identifying the key nutritional imbalances and gender-based disparities in dietary habits.
- To evaluate the adequacy of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber intake in relation to the international dietary recommendations, including those of EFSA and the US Dietary Guidelines.
- To assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and inadequate nutrition, particularly the underconsumption of essential micronutrients, such as fruits, vegetables, and fiber.
- To contribute to the ongoing harmonization of dietary data across European countries, enhancing the comparability of Serbia’s dietary data with other European nations, and supporting the development of targeted public health policies.
- To provide actionable insights for the development of national dietary guidelines and to inform public health strategies aimed at improving the dietary habits of Serbian adults, with particular attention being paid to gender-specific needs and nutritional interventions.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Participants
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Sources/Measurement
2.6. Bias
2.7. Study Size
2.8. Quantitative Variables
2.9. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Anthropometric Data and Nutritional Status
3.2. Daily Energy and Macronutrient Intake Across Gender
3.3. Energy Intake Categories and Macronutrient Distribution Compared to the Dietary Guidelines
3.4. Daily Food Group Consumption
3.5. Energy and Proximates Intake by Food Groups
4. Discussion
4.1. Recommendations for Public Health Strategies to Target Gender-Specific Nutritional Challenges
4.2. Limits and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AP | Autonomous Province |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CAPNUTRA | Capacity Development in Nutrition |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
CVDs | Cardiovascular Diseases |
DALYs | Disability-Adjusted Life Years |
DAP | Diet Assess and Plan |
DRIs | Dietary Reference Intakes |
DRVs | Dietary Reference Values |
EAT-Lancet | EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems |
EFSA | European Food Safety Authority |
EFSA EU Menu | EFSA-coordinated harmonized food consumption survey |
EU | European Union |
EU Menu | European Union Menu food consumption survey |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
FCDB | Food Composition Database |
GBD | Global Burden of Disease |
GDA | Guideline Daily Amount |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
IPAQ-SF | International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form |
IQR | Interquartile Range |
ISCED | International Standard Classification of Education |
METs | Metabolic Equivalents of the Task |
NCDs | Non-Communicable Diseases |
OMICS | Comprehensive study of biological molecules |
PRI | Population Reference Intake |
RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowances |
SDG | Sustainable Development Goal |
SPSS | Statistical Package for the Social Sciences |
TE | Total Energy |
TEI | Total Energy Intake |
UN | United Nations |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Variable | Total Sample n = 1139 | Women n = 576 | Men n = 563 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Response rate, % | 80.7 | 81.8 | 79.5 | |
Age, years, median (IQR) | 42 (29–52) | 43.0 (29–52) | 41 (29–51) | 0.351 |
Age group, n (%) | 0.549 | |||
18–24 years | 149 (13.1%) | 72 (12.5%) | 77 (13.7%) | |
25–44 years | 468 (41.1%) | 231 (40.1%) | 237 (42.1%) | |
45–64 years | 522 (45.8%) | 273 (47.4%) | 249 (44.2%) | |
Distribution per geographical region, n (%) | 0.912 | |||
Belgrade (capital city) region | 270 (23.7%) | 141 (24.5%) | 129 (22.9%) | |
Vojvodina region | 307 (27.0%) | 156 (27.1%) | 151 (26.8%) | |
Region of Šumadija and Western Serbia | 320 (28.1%) | 160 (27.8%) | 160 (28.4%) | |
Southeastern Serbia region | 242 (21.2%) | 119 (20.7%) | 123 (21.8%) | |
Settlement type, n (%) | 0.527 | |||
Urban | 975 (85.6%) | 496 (86.1%) | 479 (85.1%) | |
Rural | 164 (14.4%) | 80 (13.9%) | 84 (14.9%) | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.991 | |||
Serbian | 1060 (93.1%) | 536 (93.1%) | 524 (93.1%) | |
Other | 79 (6.9%) | 40 (6.9%) | 39 (6.9%) | |
Religion, n (%) | 0.803 | |||
Orthodox | 1025 (90.0%) | 517 (89.8%) | 508 (90.2%) | |
Catholic | 36 (3.2%) | 21 (3.6%) | 15 (2.7%) | |
Islamic | 14 (1.2%) | 7 (1.2%) | 7 (1.2%) | |
Other | 64 (5.6%) | 31 (5.4%) | 33 (5.9%) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.004 ** | |||
Single | 378 (33.2%) | 173 (30.0%) | 205 (36.4%) | |
Married | 602 (52.9%) | 304 (52.8%) | 298 (52.9%) | |
Divorced | 57 (5.0%) | 36 (6.2%) | 21 (3.7%) | |
Separated | 21 (1.8%) | 11 (1.9%) | 10 (1.8%) | |
Single parent | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
Widowed | 36 (3.2%) | 28 (4.9%) | 8 (1.4%) | |
Other | 44 (3.9%) | 24 (4.2%) | 20 (3.6%) | |
Household size and composition, median (IQR) | ||||
People per household | 30 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.826 |
Highest level of formal education, n (%) | 0.007 ** | |||
ISCED 0: less than primary educational attainment | 7 (0.6%) | 4 (0.7%) | 3 (0.5%) | |
ISCED 1: Primary education | 30 (2.6%) | 17 (3.0%) | 13 (2.3%) | |
ISCED 2: Lower secondary education | 46 (4.0%) | 15 (2.6%) | 31 (5.5%) | |
ISCED 3: Upper secondary education | 476 (41.8%) | 233 (40.5%) | 243 (43.2%) | |
ISCED 4/5: Post-secondary/Short-cycle tertiary education | 73 (6.4%) | 29 (5.0%) | 44 (7.8%) | |
ISCED 6: Bachelor’s or equivalent level | 359 (31.5%) | 187 (32.5%) | 172 (30.6%) | |
ISCED 7/8: Master’s/Doctoral or equivalent level | 148 (13.0%) | 91 (15.8%) | 57 (10.1%) | |
Employment status, n (%) | <0.001 *** | |||
Unemployed | 81 (7.1%) | 41 (7.1%) | 40 (7.1%) | |
Working for pay or profit | 812 (71.3%) | 382 (66.3%) | 430 (76.4%) | |
Pupil, student, further training, unpaid work experience | 133 (11.7%) | 77 (13.4%) | 56 (9.9%) | |
In retirement or early retirement or has given up business | 59 (5.2%) | 40 (6.9%) | 19 (3.4%) | |
Maternity, parental, or sick leave | 9 (0.8%) | 8 (1.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
Permanently disabled | 4 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | |
Fulfilling domestic tasks | 16 (1.4%) | 15 (2.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
Not applicable/Other | 25 (2.2%) | 11 (1.9%) | 14 (2.5%) | |
Professional profile, n (%) | ||||
Managers | 92 (8.1%) | 38 (6.6%) | 54 (9.6%) | <0.001 *** |
Professionals | 253 (22.2%) | 132 (22.9%) | 121 (21.5%) | |
Technicians and associate professionals | 134 (11.8%) | 58 (10.1%) | 76 (13.5%) | |
Clerical support workers | 114 (10.0%) | 91 (15.8%) | 23 (4.1%) | |
Service and sales workers | 108 (9.5%) | 52 (9.0%) | 56 (9.9%) | |
Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers | 7 (0.6%) | 3 (0.5%) | 4 (0.7%) | |
Craft and related trades workers | 55 (4.8%) | 19 (3.3%) | 36 (6.4%) | |
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers | 35 (3.1%) | 3 (0.5%) | 32 (5.7%) | |
Elementary occupations | 10 (0.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | 9 (1.6%) | |
Armed forces occupations | 41 (3.6%) | 12 (2.1%) | 29 (5.2%) | |
Other | 289 (25.4%) | 167 (29.0%) | 122 (21.5%) | |
Suffer from chronic illness, n (%) | ||||
No | 859 (75.4%) | 400 (69.4%) | 459 (81.5%) | <0.001 *** |
Yes: | 280 (24.6%) | 176 (30.6%) | 104 (18.5%) | |
Neoplasms | 6 (0.5%) | 5 (0.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
Diseases of the blood-forming organs and immune system | 11 (1.0%) | 8 (1.4%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0.218 |
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | 92 (8.1%) | 74 (12.8%) | 18 (3.2%) | 0.225 |
Mental and behavioral disorders | 11 (1.0%) | 4 (0.7%) | 7 (1.2%) | <0.001 *** |
Diseases of the nervous system | 8 (0.7%) | 7 (1.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.380 |
Diseases of the circulatory system | 150 (13.2%) | 85 (14.8%) | 65 (11.5%) | 0.069 |
Diseases of the respiratory system | 35 (3.1%) | 22 (3.8%) | 13 (2.3%) | 0.109 |
Diseases of the digestive system | 22 (1.9%) | 11 (1.9%) | 11 (2.0%) | 0.140 |
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | 4 (0.4%) | 3 (0.5%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.957 |
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | 19 (1.7%) | 16 (2.8%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0.624 |
Diseases of the genitourinary system | 13 (1.1%) | 11 (1.9%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0.004 ** |
Other | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.022 * |
Taking chronic medications, n (%) | 1.000 | |||
No | 897 (78.8%) | 420 (72.9%) | 477 (84.7%) | <0.001 *** |
Yes | 242 (21.2%) | 156 (27.1%) | 86 (15.3%) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
Current smoker | 358 (31.4%) | 176 (30.6%) | 182 (32.3%) | 0.385 |
Former smoker | 178 (15.6%) | 84 (14.6%) | 94 (16.7%) | |
Never smoker | 603 (52.9%) | 316 (54.9%) | 287 (51.0%) | |
Physical activity level, n (%) | ||||
Low | 444 (39.0%) | 198 (34.4%) | 246 (43.7%) | <0.001 *** |
Medium | 567 (49.8%) | 321 (55.7%) | 246 (43.7%) | |
High | 128 (11.2%) | 57 (9.9%) | 71 (12.6%) | |
Physical activity METS, min/week, median (IQR) | 3756 (1746–7284) | 3383 (1668–6703) | 4185 (1851–7866) | |
Dietary pattern, n (%) | 0.006 ** | |||
Conventional | 1074 (94.3) | 528 (91.7) | 546 (96.9) | 0.004 ** |
Diet linked to health conditions (e.g., celiac disease, allergy, diabetes, obesity) | 65.0 (5.7) | 48 (8.3) | 17 (3.0) | |
Season, n (%) | ||||
Fall | 290 (25.5%) | 149 (25.9%) | 141 (25.0%) | 0.983 |
Spring | 285 (25.0%) | 143 (24.8%) | 142 (25.2%) | |
Summer | 283 (24.8%) | 144 (25.0%) | 139 (24.7%) | |
Winter | 281 (24.7%) | 140 (24.3%) | 141 (25.0%) |
Anthropometric Indicators | Total | Women | Men | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Body height (cm) | 174 (167–180) | 168 (164–172) | 180 (176–186) | <0.001 * |
Body mass (kg) | 75 (64–87) | 65 (59–74) | 85 (77–94) | <0.001 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 (22.2–27.8) | 23.1 (21.0–26.1) | 25.9 (23.7–28.6) | <0.001 * |
Nutritional status | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Underweight (<18 kg/m2) | 29 (2.5%) | 21 (3.6%) | 8 (1.4%) | <0.001 * |
Normal weight (18–24 kg/m2) | 574 (50.4%) | 366 (63.5%) | 208 (36.9%) | |
Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 401 (35.2%) | 136 (23.6%) | 265 (47.1%) | |
Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 135 (11.9%) | 53 (9.2%) | 82 (14.6%) |
Proximate Daily Intake | Total | Women | Men | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Total energy (kcal) | 2373.0 (1896.0–3013.0) | 2069.5 (1683.8–2439.0) | 2800.0 (2293.0–3367.0) | <0.001 *** |
Carbohydrates (g) | 218.2 (168.2–274.3) | 194.8 (150.5–241.8) | 247.2 (191.9–309.5) | <0.001 *** |
Carbohydrates (kcal) | 872.8 (673.0–1097.2) | 779.1 (601.8–967.0) | 988.7 (767.6–1238.0) | <0.001 *** |
Carbohydrates (%TE) | 37.1 (31.9–41.9) | 38.2 (33.0–43.3) | 36.0 (30.6–40.7) | <0.001 *** |
Protein (g) | 87.7 (69.7–110.8) | 74.1 (61.4–90.1) | 104.6 (83.2–129.5) | <0.001 *** |
Protein (kcal) | 350.9 (278.9–443.2) | 296.2 (245.6–360.5) | 418.6 (332.7–518.1) | <0.001 *** |
Protein (%TE) | 14.6 (12.8–16.8) | 14.3 (12.5–16.6) | 14.9 (13.0–17.0) | 0.001 ** |
Protein (g/kg body mass) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | <0.001 *** |
Protein intake categories 1, n (%) | 0.003 ** | |||
<0.83 g/kg body mass | 196 (17.2%) | 118 (20.5%) | 78 (13.9%) | |
≥0.83 g/kg body mass | 943 (82.8%) | 458 (79.5%) | 485 (86.1%) | |
Fat (g) | 117.7 (88.5–152.2) | 99.2 (78.2–126.1) | 139.3 (109.4–167.0) | <0.001 *** |
Fat (kcal) | 1059.6 (796.5–1369.3) | 892.7 (704.0–1135.0) | 1254.1 (984.3–1520.7) | <0.001 *** |
Fat (%TE) | 44.7 (40.0–49.3) | 44.4 (39.2–48.8) | 45.3 (40.8–49.7) | 0.011 * |
Alcohol (g) | 0.01 (0.0–8.2) | 0.01 (0.00–0.07) | 0.03 (0.00–13.68) | <0.001 *** |
Alcohol (kcal) | 0.00 (0.0–2.1) | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.01 (0.00–3.40) | <0.001 *** |
Alcohol (%TE) | 0.07 (0.0–59.0) | 0.04 (0.00–0.52) | 0.24 (0.00–98.50) | <0.001 *** |
Fiber (g) | 20.7 (15.7–27.3) | 20.0 (14.9–26.2) | 21.7 (16.5–28.4) | <0.001 *** |
Fiber intake categories 1, n (%) | 0.026 * | |||
<25 g | 772 (67.8%) | 408 (70.8%) | 364 (64.7%) | |
≥25 g | 367 (32.2%) | 168 (29.2%) | 199 (35.3%) | |
Fiber (kcal) | 41.4 (31.3–54.6) | 40.0 (29.8–52.4) | 43.4 (32.9–56.8) | <0.001 *** |
Fiber (%TE) | 0.02 (0.01–0.02) | 0.02 (0.02–0.02) | 0.02 (0.01–0.02) | <0.001 *** |
Total (n = 1139) | Women (n = 576) | Men (n = 563) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | |
Total Energy Intake 1,2 | <0.001 * | |||
<1600 kcal/day (women), <2000 kcal/day (men) | 200 (17.6%) | 114 (19.8%) | 86 (15.3%) | |
1600–2400 kcal/day (women), 2000–3000 kcal/day (men) | 547 (48.0%) | 305 (53.0%) | 242 (43.0%) | |
≥2400 kcal/day (women), ≥3000 kcal/day (men) | 392 (34.4%) | 157 (27.3%) | 235 (41.7%) | |
Percentage of energy intake coming from carbohydrates 1 | <0.001 * | |||
<45% | 979 (86.0%) | 473 (82.1%) | 506 (89.9%) | |
45–60% | 157 (13.8%) | 102 (17.7%) | 55 (9.8%) | |
>60% | 3 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.4%) | |
Percentage of energy intake coming from carbohydrates 2 | <0.001 * | |||
<45% | 979 (86.0%) | 473 (82.1%) | 506 (89.9%) | |
45–65% | 160 (14.0%) | 103 (17.9%) | 57 (10.1%) | |
>65% | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Percentage of energy intake coming from proteins 1,2 | 0.001 * | |||
<10% | 27 (2.4%) | 23 (4.0%) | 4 (0.7%) | |
10–35% | 1110 (97.5%) | 552 (95.8%) | 558 (99.1%) | |
>35% | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
Percentage of energy intake coming from fats 1,2 | 0.073 | |||
<20% | 3 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.5%) | |
20–35% | 108 (9.5%) | 62 (10.8%) | 46 (8.2%) | |
>35% | 1028 (90.3%) | 514 (89.2%) | 514 (91.3%) |
Food Groups | Total | Women | Men | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Milk/milk products (g) | 207.5 (109.7–321.8) | 186.8 (99.9–295.3) | 229.5 (126.0–342.6) | <0.001 * |
Eggs/egg products (g) | 30.0 (7.4–70.2) | 25.5 (6.7–62.8) | 37.5 (8.4–85.2) | <0.001 * |
Meat/meat products (g) | 162.8 (97.8–251.5) | 124.9 (73.1–183.5) | 214.5 (140.4–317.0) | <0.001 * |
Fish/seafood products (g) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.098 |
Fat/oil (g) | 43.9 (30.2–62.1) | 39.5 (26.4–54.3) | 49.0 (33.5–68.2) | <0.001 * |
Grains/grain products (g) | 199.0 (136.6–272.3) | 167.2 (115.4–226.1) | 238.8 (172.4–314.4) | <0.001 * |
Nuts/seeds/kernels (g) | 13.1 (4.8–25.0) | 14.1 (5.2–26.5) | 12.7 (4.1–23.4) | 0.109 |
Vegetables/vegetable products (g) | 273.6 (194.2–379.2) | 259.2 (180.4–373.3) | 286.3 (206.9–393.1) | <0.001 * |
Fruits/fruit products (g) | 124.0 (0.0–255.0) | 155.5 (41.7–274.5) | 96.5 (0.0–234.9) | <0.001 * |
Sugar/sweets (g) | 27.7 (5.5–57.7) | 28.7 (6.7–58.3) | 26.1 (4.3–57.7) | 0.402 |
Beverages/alcohol (g) | 1599.2 (1226.9–2087.8) | 1488.9 (1142.4–1946.7) | 1725.0 (1299.2–2200.6) | <0.001 * |
Miscellaneous food products (g) | 6.5 (4.2–9.7) | 5.7 (3.8–9.0) | 7.3 (5.0–10.7) | <0.001 * |
Dietary supplements (g) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.126 |
Food Groups (%TE) | Total | Women | Men | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Milk/milk products | 10.0 (5.8–14.1) | 9.7 (5.7–14.2) | 10.2 (6.0–13.9) | 0.739 |
Eggs/egg products | 1.8 (0.5–4.8) | 1.6 (0.5–4.7) | 2.00 (0.5–4.8) | 0.384 |
Meat/meat products | 14.5 (9.2–21.2) | 12.6 (7.5–18.7) | 17.0 (11.4–23.8) | <0.001 *** |
Fish/seafood products | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.049 * |
Fat/oil | 16.4 (11.9–21.0) | 17.1 (12.1–21.9) | 15.7 (11.8–20.6) | 0.014 * |
Grains/grain products | 23.9 (18.6–30.5) | 23.2 (17.7–30.9) | 24.6 (19.3–30.2) | 0.071 |
Nuts/seeds/kernels | 2.2 (0.7–4.9) | 2.8 (1.1–6.1) | 1.6 (0.5–3.8) | <0.001 *** |
Vegetables/vegetable products | 6.2 (4.0–9.3) | 6.6 (4.1–9.8) | 5.9 (3.8–8.7) | 0.002 ** |
Fruits/fruit products | 3.3 (0.0–7.1) | 4.6 (1.1–8.5) | 1.9 (0.0–5.5) | <0.001 *** |
Sugar/sweets | 4.6 (1.0–10.2) | 5.6 (1.4–11.8) | 4.0 (0.6–8.5) | <0.001 *** |
Beverages/alcohol | 2.7 (0.2–6.8) | 1.8 (0.1–5.2) | 3.9 (0.5–8.3) | <0.001 *** |
Miscellaneous food products | 0.28 (0.16–0.43) | 0.30 (0.16–0.45) | 0.26 (0.15–0.41) | 0.025 * |
Dietary supplements | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.206 |
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Milešević, J.; Zeković, M.; Šarac, I.; Knez, M.; Krga, I.; Takić, M.; Martačić, J.D.; Stevanović, V.; Vidović, N.; Ranković, S.; et al. Energy and Macronutrient Dietary Intakes of Serbian Adults 18–64 Years Old: EFSA EU Menu Food Consumption Survey in Serbia (2017–2022). Foods 2025, 14, 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071228
Milešević J, Zeković M, Šarac I, Knez M, Krga I, Takić M, Martačić JD, Stevanović V, Vidović N, Ranković S, et al. Energy and Macronutrient Dietary Intakes of Serbian Adults 18–64 Years Old: EFSA EU Menu Food Consumption Survey in Serbia (2017–2022). Foods. 2025; 14(7):1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071228
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilešević, Jelena, Milica Zeković, Ivana Šarac, Marija Knez, Irena Krga, Marija Takić, Jasmina Debeljak Martačić, Vuk Stevanović, Nevena Vidović, Slavica Ranković, and et al. 2025. "Energy and Macronutrient Dietary Intakes of Serbian Adults 18–64 Years Old: EFSA EU Menu Food Consumption Survey in Serbia (2017–2022)" Foods 14, no. 7: 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071228
APA StyleMilešević, J., Zeković, M., Šarac, I., Knez, M., Krga, I., Takić, M., Martačić, J. D., Stevanović, V., Vidović, N., Ranković, S., Kadvan, A., & Gurinović, M. (2025). Energy and Macronutrient Dietary Intakes of Serbian Adults 18–64 Years Old: EFSA EU Menu Food Consumption Survey in Serbia (2017–2022). Foods, 14(7), 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071228