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Volume 14
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10.3390/foods14101773
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Review

Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

by
Lu Li
1,*,
Fengqi Du
1,
Xilong Liu
1,
Mengyao Song
1,
Giuseppe Grosso
2,
Maurizio Battino
3,4,5,
Christine Boesch
6,
He Li
1 and
Xinqi Liu
1,*
1
Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
2
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
3
International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
4
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche e Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60130 Ancona, Italy
5
Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
6
School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2025, 14(10), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101773
Submission received: 1 April 2025 / Revised: 1 May 2025 / Accepted: 6 May 2025 / Published: 16 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Supplementation with probiotics seems to confer protective effects in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), although available results are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to systematically review existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to critically assess the effect of probiotics on psychiatric symptoms, anthropometric indicators, lipid profiles, glycemic indices, inflammation, and oxidative stress in adults with SZ. A systematic search was conducted in four databases from inception until January 2025. Six RCTs were included in the quantitative analysis that demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotics on SZ severity determined via the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), with significant reductions in PANSS (MD = −0.50, p = 0.001), PANSS Negative (MD = −0.31, p = 0.050), and PANSS General scores (MD = −0.33, p = 0.036), alongside reductions in body weight (MD = −0.92, p = 0.000), body mass index (MD = −0.53, p = 0.016), and total cholesterol (SMD = −0.34, p = 0.005). Furthermore, probiotic interventions reduced baseline glucose (SMD = −0.59, p = 0.000), insulin (MD = −0.68, p = 0.000), and measures of insulin sensitivity/resistance and significantly improved biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. To summarize, this meta-analysis suggests that probiotics may confer beneficial effects in patients with SZ through improving psychiatric symptoms as well as markers of body weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Keywords: probiotics; psychiatric symptom; lipid profile; glycemic indices; inflammation; oxidative stress; meta-analysis probiotics; psychiatric symptom; lipid profile; glycemic indices; inflammation; oxidative stress; meta-analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, L.; Du, F.; Liu, X.; Song, M.; Grosso, G.; Battino, M.; Boesch, C.; Li, H.; Liu, X. Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Foods 2025, 14, 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101773

AMA Style

Li L, Du F, Liu X, Song M, Grosso G, Battino M, Boesch C, Li H, Liu X. Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Foods. 2025; 14(10):1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101773

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Lu, Fengqi Du, Xilong Liu, Mengyao Song, Giuseppe Grosso, Maurizio Battino, Christine Boesch, He Li, and Xinqi Liu. 2025. "Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials" Foods 14, no. 10: 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101773

APA Style

Li, L., Du, F., Liu, X., Song, M., Grosso, G., Battino, M., Boesch, C., Li, H., & Liu, X. (2025). Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Foods, 14(10), 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101773

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