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Review

Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Understudied Wild Edible Fruits in South Africa: Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Food Security: A Review

by
Nonhlanhla Preduence Lubisi
,
Maropeng Erica Matlala
,
Luambo Jeffrey Ramarumo
and
Peter Tshepiso Ndhlovu
*
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2025, 14(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101726
Submission received: 20 January 2025 / Revised: 24 April 2025 / Accepted: 30 April 2025 / Published: 13 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
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Abstract

:
Wild edible fruits are important for ensuring food and nutritional security, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Globally, wild edible fruits are widely distributed, and they are consumed in different parts of the world; however, they are undervalued. This systematic review consolidates existing knowledge addressing the utilization of wild edible fruits, and their nutritional benefits. A total of 74 wild edible fruit species belonging to 29 families found in South Africa were documented in this study. The nutritional composition was reported only in 41 (55.4%) fruit species. The Anacardiaceae family had the most cited species (n = 11) (14.86%), followed by the Moraceae (n = 6) (8.1%), and Cucurbitaceae and Ebenaceae, of which each had five species, each contributing 5.4% to the total documented species. Sclerocarya birrea. (A.Rich.) Hochst., Mimusops zeyheri Sond., and Strychnos spinosa Lam. are three of the most important wild fruit species contributing to food and nutritional security. This review revealed that there is a dearth of literature studies that have substantially documented the contribution of wild edible fruits in food and nutritional security. In this regard, a study on ethnobotanical evaluation incorporating wild edible fruits used by local people could significantly provide insights and enhance our understanding of indigenous and technological knowledge that could be utilized to strengthen rural food security.

1. Introduction

Globally, there are many edible plant species [1]; however, only a limited number of these species are being utilized as sustenance by humans. Food and nutrition security remain a critical global challenge [2]. According to Berry, Dernini [2], food security is defined as the condition whereby all individuals have physical, economic, and social access to adequate, nutritious, and safe food consistently, fulfilling the dietary requirements and preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle. Similarly, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [3] define food security as a situation whereby all people always have full access to food that is sufficient, safe, nutritious, and meets their everyday dietary needs.
El Bilali et al. [4] emphasize the fact that food and nutrition security are interconnected; however, they include distinct variances [4,5]. It is worth noting that the incorporation of these wild fruits into our diets is essential in promoting food and nutritional security [6,7,8,9]. Shackleton and Shackleton [10] reiterated that wild fruits could significantly contribute to alleviating food and nutritional insecurity. Consequently, Tebkew, Gebremariam [11] argued that, although wild edible fruits reduce food insecurity and malnutrition, they could also be envisaged as an alternative income generation stream for rural and marginalized communities since they can sell some wild fruits for passive income. However, this review was not intended to address aspects of food and nutritional insecurity, but rather to evaluate the available literature associated with wild edible fruits and their contribution to food and nutritional security, aiming to inform sustainable food supply chains and improve rural food and nutritional security. Even though these wild fruits can contribute to food and nutritional security, it is crucial to consider the potential risks associated with consuming them since some contain alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, and phytates [12]. It must be noted that some of these wild edible fruits may have adverse health effects when consumed in excess. This review was associated with the following research questions: (a) What are the wild fruits found in South Africa? (b) What is the contribution of wild fruits to food and nutritional security?

2. Materials and Methods

This study followed the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) [13], whereby a systematic literature search was undertaken to gather data on the wild fruits being utilized in South Africa and how they contribute to food and nutritional security. The specific phrases and keywords that were used are “wild fruits”, “food security”, “nutritional composition”, and “South Africa”. Articles, e-books, dissertations, and theses found to have incorporated these keywords were vigorously evaluated and holistically reviewed based on the abovementioned keywords. Scientific databases and search engines, including Google Scholar, Pub Med, Google, Scopus, and Science Direct, were utilized. The inclusion criteria for the contribution of wild fruits to food and nutritional security were studies in South Africa. The exclusion criteria were studies that focused on the medicinal properties of wild fruits. The scientific names of the wild fruits included in this study were verified using The World Flora Online (https://www.worldfloraonline.org/, accessed on 18 April 2025). Common names were confirmed through PlantZAfrica (https://pza.sanbi.org/, accessed on 18 April 2025), and the conservation status was further cross-checked using the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Red List of South African Plants (https://redlist.sanbi.org/, accessed on 18 April 2025).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Literature Results

The literature search that was conducted using various databases initially produced 250 articles concerning wild fruits. The subsequent screening process resulted in the exclusion of 18 articles, reducing the total to 232; this screening phase is important for eliminating articles not meeting the inclusion criteria. The examination of the whole text resulted in the further exclusion of 16 more articles, yielding a final total of 216 to be considered for this review, as shown in Figure 1 above. This selection process ensures that the included studies are of relevance. Table 1 below was completed using some of the 216 articles, using the two key aspects, i.e., the contribution of wild fruits to food and nutritional security. Out of the gathered articles, a total number of 74 wild fruit species belonging to 29 different families were identified, which shows a huge diversity of wild fruits.

3.2. Diversity of Cited Wild Fruit Species

In this current study, 74 wild fruit species were cited (Table 1) which belong to 29 different plant families. Anacardiaceae (n = 11) and Moraceae (n = 6) were the most dominant families, comprising 14.9% and 8.1%, respectively, followed by Cucurbitaceae (n = 5), Ebenaceae (n = 5), Phyllanthaceae (n = 4), Fabaceae (n = 4), Sapotaceae (n = 4), Loganiaceae (n = 3), Myrtaceae (n = 3), Chrysobalanceae (n = 2), Celastraceae (n = 2), Rubiaceae (n = 2), Rhamnaceae (n = 2), and Annonaceae (2), and the rest are represented by one species. The distribution of these plant species is stipulated in Figure 2 below. The results of this study align with previous studies, whereby Anacardiaceae accounted for most species [14,15,16]. Unsurprisingly, Anacardiaceae is a plant family of significant ecological and commercial importance; it is commonly known as the “cashew” family [17]. Furthermore, it encompasses significant global fruit and seed crops. According to Cunha and David [18], the plants of this family are recognized as providers of consumable fruits. The Moraceae family, that is commonly known as the “mulberry” family, includes 37 genera and roughly 1100 species that are found in tropical and temperate climates globally [19,20,21]. According to Berg [22], the fruits are often drupaceous, situated within a fleshy receptacle that constitutes a syncarp. Dejene, Agamy [23], in their study, reported that the Moraceae family has the second-highest number of wild edible fruits; these results align with the current study.
Table 1. The inventory of wild fruit species that are found in various parts of South Africa.
Table 1. The inventory of wild fruit species that are found in various parts of South Africa.
Plant Species and Family Common Names Distribution in South Africa Growth Habit Conservation Status Food Source/Processed Nutritional Composition Citation
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L.Bolus subsp. edulis
Aizoaceae		Sour fig (E), vyerank (A), Wildevijg (A)Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, and Western CapeHerbLeast concernConsumed raw, used to make syrup, jams, preserves, and chutney, and used as a flavorEnergy, water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash,
Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr		[6,24,25,26,27,28]
Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh.
Anacardiaceae		Wild plum (E), Umgwenya (X), Zuure Pruim (A)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernConsumed raw and as a snack, used to produce jams, jellies, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and rose winesWater, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, ash,
Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cr, vitamin A, vitamin C		[29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]
Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. var. edulis
Anacardiaceae		Wild Grape (E), Phepo (T), Diphiroku (P), Mutsambatsi (W), Wildedruif (A)Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaShrubLeast concernFruit is edible, used to produce jams and jellies, consumed as a snack and sweet preserveFiber, carbohydrates, ash, proteins,
Ca, Mg, Fe, P		[16,31,37]
Lannea schweinfurthii Engl.
Anacardiaceae		Valsmaroela (A), False Marula (E), Mulivhadza (V)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edible/consumed as a snackNot specified[14,30,37,38]
Ozoroa dispar (C.Pres) R.Fern. & A.Fern.
Anacardiaceae		Namakwa-harpuisboom (A)Northern Cape and Western CapeTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[39,40]
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. subsp. Caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro
Anacardiaceae		Marula (E), Morula (TW), Cider Tree (E), Umganu (Z)Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to make jelly, chutney, and pie fillings, nuts, used to make beer (mukumbi), fermented to make wineFat, water, protein, moisture, Ca, Fe, K, P, Mg, Zn, vitamins A, B3,C, and E, carotene[14,15,30,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]
Searsia dentata (Thunb.) F.A.Barkley
Anacardiaceae		Nana berry (E), Nanabessie (A)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestShrubLeast concernUsed to produce milk curdles, consumed as a snackNot specified[31,51,52]
Searsia discolor (E.Mey.ex Sond.) T.S.Yi, A.J.Mill. & J.Wen
Anacardiaceae		Grassveld Currant (E)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[31,51,52]
Searsia leptodictya (Diels) T.S.Yi, A.J.Mill. & J.Wen
Anacardiaceae		Rock Karee (E)Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestTreeLeast concernThe fruit is edible, used to make yeastNot specified[15,31,33]
Searsia pendulina (Jacq.) Moffett
Anacardiaceae		Mosilabele (S), Botlhotlho (PL), Witkaree (A)Free State, Mpumalanga, and Northern CapeTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, consumed as a snack, used to produce alcoholic beverages, eaten raw, soaked in milk, used to make porridge and milk curdlesNot specified[14,53]
Searsia pentheri (Zahlbr.) Moffet
Anacardiaceae		Mutasiri, Crow-berry (E)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[31,33,38,52]
Searsia undulata (Jacq.) T.S.Yi, AJ.Mill. & J.Wen
Anacardiaceae		Kuni-bush (E)Northern Cape and Western CapeShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to make yeast and milk curdlesNot specified[6,39,47,53,54,55]
Annona senegalensis Pers.
Annonaceae		Wild custard apple (E), isiphofu (Z), muembe (V), Wildesuikerappel (A)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernConsumed as fresh fruit, used to make ice-cream, sherbets, and drinksFe, K, P, Mg, Ca, Na, S, Cl, Al, Si, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Mo, Sn, I, Ba, Pb, moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, carbohydrates[14,47,56,57,58]
Hexalobus monopetalus (A.Rich) Engl. & Diels
Annonaceae		Shakama plum (E), Moheteka (NS), Custard Apple (E), Shakama-pruim (A)Limpopo and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to produce sweet preserveNot specified[6,30,37,53]
Ancylobotrys capensis (Oliv.) Pichon
Apocynaceae		Wild apricot (E), rock milk apricot (E)Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snack, alcoholic beverages, and savory and sweet preservesNot specified[6,53,59]
Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.D.C
Apocynaceae		Natal plum (E), big num-num (E), nmthungulu (X), grootnoem-noem (A)Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-NatalShrubLeast concernFruit is edible, used to produce alcoholic beverages such as wine, used as a preserve, used to produce sweetsEnergy, water, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, Ca, K, Mn, Zn, Fe, vitamin C[6,15,30,46,53,60,61,62,63,64].
Carissa spinarum L.
Apocynaceae		Umlugulu (ND), mothokolo (PI), ntshuguru (XT), murungulu (V)Limpopo and MpumalangaShrubLeast concernFruit is edible, used to create alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages such as wine, snacks, and sweet and savory preservesCa, Fe, K, Zn, Mn, moisture, carbohydrates, energy, ash, fat, fiber, total protein, vitamin C[15,46,63,65,66]
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.
Cactaceae		Bobbejaansturksvy (A), Idolofia (ND), Indian Fig (E), Kaalblad (a), Makonde (V), Spineless Cactus (E), Sweet Prickly Pear (E)Eastern Cape and LimpopoShrubNot evaluatedConsumed as a snack, used to make alcoholic beverages, savory and sweet preserves, jam, juice, and teaMoisture content, crude fiber, crude fat, protein, sugars, carbohydrates, P, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Na, Mg, vitamin C[32,37,52,53,67,68]
Pollichia campestris Aiton
Caryophyllaceae		Waxberry (E), umhlungulu (Z), amangabangaba (X), Suikerrteebossie (A)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, and Western CapeShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[30,52,53,69]
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. subsp. Aethiopicum
Celastraceae		Umbovane (X), Umnqayi (X), Cape cherry (E), Koeboebessie (A), Umgumguluzane (Z)Eastern Cape and Western CapeTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[30,37,40,70,71]
Salacia kraussii Harv.
Celastraceae		Ibonsi (Z), Ihelehele (Z), Ubangalala (Z)KwaZulu-Natal and LimpopoShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snackCa, Fe, K, P, Mg[30,49,53,70,72,73]
Parinari capensis Harv.
Chrysobalanceae		Gruisappeltjie (A), Dwarf Mobola-plum (E), Mmolofasane (P)Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and North WestShrubLeast concernFruit is edible, used to produce syrup, porridge, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beveragesProteins, moisture, amino acids[6,14,15,30,33,37,53,74,75]
Parinari curatellifolia Planchon. ex Benth.
Chrysobalanceae		Mobola Plum (E), Amabulwa (Z), Mbola (ND), Sand Apple (E), Ubulawu (Z)Limpopo and MpumalangaShrubLeast concernFruits are consumed in their natural state or processed into a jam, used to produce soft drinks and beer, used to make syrupCarbohydrates, dry matter, ash, protein, fiber, fat, Ca, Fe, K, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, vitamin C[14,15,61,76,77,78,79]
Garcinia livingstonei T.Anderson
Clusiaceae		African mangosteen (E), Umphimbi (Z)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruits are edible, used to make alcoholic beverages, consumed as a snack, milk, curdles, sweet preserveCa, Fe, K, P, Mg, vitamin A[30,35,59,69,71,80,81,82]
Acanthosicyos horridus Welw. ex Hook.f.
Cucurbitaceae		Nara Bush (E)Northern CapeShrubCritically endangeredConsumed as a snack, used to produce non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, sweet preserve, used to make milk curdlesβ-carotene, ash, Ca, Cu, N, P, K, Fe, Mg, Zn, Na, crude fiber, dry matter, energy, fat, carbohydrates, nicotinic acid, protein, riboflavin, thiamine, water, vitamin C[40,60,83,84,85,86,87]
Citrillus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai
Cucurbitaceae		Tsamma melon (E), Bitterappel (A), Bitter Apple (E), Wild melon (E)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North WestClimberLeast concernEaten fresh, used to produce juice and dessertsFe, K, P, Mg[88,89,90,91]
Coccinia sessilifolia (Sond.) Cogn.
Cucurbitaceae		Ystervarkkambroo (A), Rooi-agurkie (A)Free State, Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North WestClimberLeast concernFruits are edibleCa, Fe, K, P, Mg, vitamin C[30,92]
Cucumis metuliferus E.Mey. Naudin
Cucurbitaceae		Jelly melon (E), Spiny cucumber (E), Uhufafa (Z), Wildekomkommer (A)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaClimberLeast concernFruits are eaten raw, can be used to make a jellyCa, Fe, P, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5,B6, and B9, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K[93,94,95,96]
Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin subsp. leptodermis (Schweick.) C.Jeffrey & P.Halliday
Cucurbitaceae		Paddy Melon (E), Squash melon (E), Bitter Apple (E)Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, North West, and Western CapeClimberLeast concernConsumed as a snack and savory preserveCa, Fe, K, P, Mg[37,97]
Diospyros lycioides Desf. subsp. Lycioides
Ebenaceae		Bluebush Star-apple (E), Muthala (V), Bloubos (A), Star Apple (E)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, and Western CapeShrubLeast concernSnack, used to produce alcoholic beveragesFe, Mg, P, K, Zn, protein, water, Niacin[30,37,40,65,69]
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC.
Ebenaceae		Musuma (V), Jackal-berry (E), Hill Matome (E)Limpopo and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, eaten as a snackAsh, protein, carbohydrates, fat, moisture, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, S, Se, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu[14,15,46,98,99,100]
Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke
Ebenaceae		Blue guarri (E), Munyele (V), Idungamuzi (Z), Guarritee (A)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, and Western CapeTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[15,30,37,52]
Euclea divinorum Hiern.
Ebenaceae		Umhlangula (Z), Magic Guarri (E), GwarriebosKwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is eaten as a snackNot specified[14,30,33,37,54,69]
Euclea natalensis A. DC. subsp. obovata F.White
Ebenaceae		Coast Hairy Guarri (E)Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-NatalTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[7,30,37]
Cordyla africana Lour.
Fabaceae		Wild mango (E), Wilde-mango (A), Umbohone (Z)KwaZulu-NatalTreeLeast concernEaten fresh or cookedVitamin C[30,53,59,101]
Dialium schlechteri Harms
Fabaceae		Umthiba (Z), Zulu Pod-berry (E), Zulu-peulbessie (A)KwaZulu-NatalTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to produce non-alcoholic beveragesNot specified[30,33,102]
Macrotyloma maranguense (Taub.) Verdc.
Fabaceae		Mokorola kgogo (PI), Xikondlo (XT)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaClimberLeast concernFruit is edibleNot specified[14,31]
Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh.
Fabaceae		Camel’s Foot (E), Ihabahaba (ND), Kameelspoor (A), Mokgôrôpô (NS), Monkey Bread (E), Mukolokote (NS), Mukolokote (V), Picture-frame Tree (E), Rhodesian Bauhinia (E), Rhodesiese Bauhinia (A)Limpopo and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edibleMoisture[15,30,33,37]
Hydrona africana Thumb.
Hydnoraceae		Ubuklunga (X), Jakkalskos (A), Jackal food (E), Umavumbuka (Z)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western CapeNot specifiedLeast concernConsumed as a snackCa, Fe, K, P, Mg[6,30,103,104]
Romulea rosea (L.) Eckl. var. australis (Ewart) M.P.de Vos
Iridaceae		Froetang (A), Frutang (E), Knikkertjie (A), Perdefroetang (A), Pink Romulea (E), Spruitjie (A)Eastern Cape and Western CapeHerbLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[26,38,53,55]
Cryptocarya wyliei Stapf LauraceaeRed quince (E),UmXaleba (X), Umngcabe (Z), Rooikweper (A)Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-NatalShrubNear threatenedConsumed as a snack and sweet preserveNot specified[30,53]
Strychnos cocculoides Bak.
Loganiaceae		Bitter Bush Orange (E), Corky Monkey-Orange (E), Grysklapper (A), Umkemeswane (ND), Umkhethswane (ND), Wynklapper (A)Limpopo and MpumalangaShrubLeast concernFruits are eaten raw as a snack, used to produce wine, juice and jam, used to make alcoholic beverages and porridgeCarbohydrates, protein, moisture, fat, fiber, ash, energy, Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, K, Cu, vitamin C[6,30,33,37,53,54,105,106,107]
Strychnos madagascariensis Poir.
Loganiaceae		Black Monkey Orange (E), Botterklapper (A), Mukwakwa (V), Swartklapper (A), Umwawa (ND),Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestShrubLeast concernFruit is edible, used to make sweetsCarbohydrates, fiber, fat, moisture, ash, protein, Na, Ca, Zn, Cu, K, Mg, N, Fe, P[14,15,30,46,102,106,108,109,110]
Strychnos spinosa Lam.
Loganiaceae		African orange (E), Umngono (ND), Wildekalabasboom (A)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, can produce alcoholic beveragesCarbohydrates, dry matter, proteins, moisture, fat, fiber, ash, energy
Cu, Mn, K, Zn, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, P, vitamin C		[14,15,46,77,107,111,112,113]
Azanza garckeana (F.Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc.
Malvaceae		Uxaguxagu (Nd), snot apple (E), muthowa (V)LimpopoShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snack (raw)Ca, Fe, K, P, Mg, Na, fiber, carbohydrates, ash, moisture, proteins, fat, vitamin C[6,77,114,115,116,117]
Grewia flava DC.
Malvaceae		Wild raisin (E), Velvet raisin (E), Wild currant (E), Wilderosyntjie (A)Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North WestShrubLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to produce alcoholic beveragesNot specified[33,53,54,106]
Grewia flavescens Juss.
Malvaceae		Donkey berry (E), Ubhuzu (ND), Skurweblaarrosyntjie (A)Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, consumed as a snack, used to produce juice and alcoholCarbohydrates, starch, sugar, amino acids, fats, protein, fiber, moisture, ash, Mn, Ca, K, Zn, Cu, Fe[14,15,30,54,69,71,105,106,118]
Trichilia dregeana Sond.
Meliaceae		Bos Rooi-essenhout (A), Bosrooiessenhout (A), Cape Mahogany Mmaba (NS), Mutshikili (V), Mutuhu (V), Umathunzini (Z), Umhlakele (X)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackSugar, protein, fat, moisture[6,15,35,70,119]
Ficus burkei (Miq.) Miq.
Moraceae		Common Wild Fig (E), Intenjane (ND), Moumo (NS), Umbobe (Z), Uluzi (X), Umtende (ND)Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestTreeLeast concernUsed to produce alcoholic beverages and snacksNot specified[37,120]
Ficus petersii Warb.
Moraceae		Wildevyeboom (A), Mmadintana (TW)Limpopo and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edibleNot specified[31,121]
Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. Sansibarica
Moraceae		Muvumo (V), Nhlampfu (TS), Zanzibar fig (E), Mudzula-tshinya (V)Limpopo and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernSnackNot specified[31,33,37]
Ficus sycomorus L.
Moraceae		Mulberry fig (E)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernCoffee, snack, alcoholic beverages, sweet preserveDietary fiber, Ca, Fe, K, P, Mg, vitamin C[30,59,115,122]
Ficus sur Forssk.
Moraceae		Wild fig (E), bush fig (E), umkiwa (ND), Xinkuwana (TS)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Western CapeTreeLeast concernEaten raw, used to produce fig jam or preservesCa, Fe, Mg, Mn[14,30,37,65,123]
Ficus thonningii Blume
Moraceae		Gewone wurgvy (A), umBombe (Z), Nhluhlawumbe (XT)Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, used to produce jam and alcoholic beveragesNot specified[14,30,124]
Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C.Krauss subsp. cordatum
Myrtaceae		Mawthoo (S), Mawtoo (S), Motlho (NS), Umjomi (X), Umswe (Z), Water Berry (E), Water Wood (E), Waterbessie (A),Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, used to produce alcoholCa, Fe, K, P, Mg, vitamin C[14,15,59,125]
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. subsp. Guineense
Myrtaceae		Bushveld water-berry (E), water pear (E), Mutuphemba (V)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edibleFiber, ash, protein, fat, Ca, K, P, Ti, Mn, Fe, S, Ce, C, Zn, Al, B, Hg, Co, Cl, Zr, Pb, Mo, Sr, Zr, Ti, V, vitamin A[30,37,46,126,127]
Syzygium intermedium Engl. & Brehmer
Myrtaceae		Intermediate water berry (E)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and LimpopoTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, raw or as a snack-Not specified[14]
Olea capensis L. subsp. Macrocarpa (C.H. Wright) I. Verd
Oleaceae		Ironwood (E)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Western CapeTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[33,128]
Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul.
Phyllanthaceae		Segagama (T), isiqutwane (Z), umtyongi (X), Tasselberry (E)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, consumed as a snackMoisture, amino acid contents, fats, sugars, protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin E[15,33,35,40,46,65,75]
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.
Phyllanthaceae		Umshonge (Z), umhlahlangu (X), motsere (NS), wild coffee (E)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is eaten raw, used as a snackSugar, moisture, crude fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber, N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu[14,15,35,106,129]
Bridelia mollis Hutch.
Phyllanthaceae		Mokokwele (TW), Velvet sweet berry (E), Mokamanawa (TW), Fluweel-soetbessie (A)Gauteng, Limpopo, and MpumalangaShrubLeast concernSweet preserve, consumed as a snackNot specified[6,30,53,65]
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. Virosa
Phyllanthaceae		Umyaweyawe (Z), White-berry bush (E), Motlatlane (TW), Mutangauma (V)Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North WestTreeLeast concernFruit is edibleNot specified[14,30,37,40]
Bechemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.
Rhamnaceae		Brown ivory (E), mewee (A), mogokgomo (Ns), Umzinzila (Nd), Nmumu (Z)Limpopo and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernFruit is eaten raw, used to produce alcohol, used to make porridgeCa, Fe, K, P, Mg, vitamin A, vitamin C[41,130,131,132,133,134]
Ziziphus mucronata Willd.
Rhamnaceae		Umlahlankosi (Z), Umphafa (ND), Wait-a-bit (E), Umphafa (X), Wag-’n-bietjie (A)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North WestTreeLeast concernConsumed rawVitamin C, beta carotene, ash, moisture content, fiber, fat, phytate,
Ca, Fe, K, P, Mg		[41,131,132,135]
Canthium inerme (L.F.) Kuntze
Rubiaceae		Turkey berry (E), umvuthwemini (Z), wolwedoring (A), muvhibvela-shadani (V)Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, and Western CapeTreeLeast concernFruit is edible, snackMoisture, fat, sugar, protein[14,31,35,37,102]
Vangueria infausta Burch.
Rubiaceae		Wildemispel (A), Muzwilu (V), Ntswila (T), Velvet Wild-medlar (E)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, and North WestTreeLeast concernFruit is edible raw (dried), used to produce juice, apple sauce, alcoholic beverages, vinegar, jams, and puddingDry matter, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, Ca, Fe, K, P, Mg[14,15,46,49,50,77,130,136,137,138,139]
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Warb.
Salicaceae		Kei-appel (A), Wild apricot (E), Umqokolo (ND), Muvhamba-nguvho (V)Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Western CapeTreeLeast concernEaten raw, used to produce jam, jellies, juices, sweet and savory preserves, and winesWater, energy, carbohydrates, ash, fiber, fat, protein, moisture, Fe, Cu, Zn, K, N, vitamin C[30,33,61,140,141,142]
Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.
Sapindaceae		Jacket-plum (E), doppruim (A); indaba (Z); ilitye (X); mongatane (S); liletsa (W), gulaswimbi (XT), umqhoqhoEastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, and Western CapeTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to make tea, sweet and savory preserves, and produce alcoholic beveragesCarbohydrates, fiber, ash, fat, Fe, moisture, vitamin C[30,32,33,37,59,65,106,143,144]
Inhambanella henriquesii (Engl. & Warb.) Dubard
Sapotaceae		Milk-pear (E)KwaZulu-NatalTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[30,33,40]
Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H.Hemsl.
Sapotaceae		Forest milkberry (E)KwaZulu-NatalTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snackNot specified[30,33,38,53]
Mimusops zeyheri Sond.
Sapotaceae		Transvaal red milkwood (E), Umbumbulu (ND), Mububulu (V), Moepel (A)KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and MpumalangaTreeLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to produce alcoholic and non-alcoholic beveragesOrganic matter, dry matter, carbohydrates, ash content, protein,
Ca, P, Mg, vitamin E		[14,30,61,106,145,146,147,148]
Vitellariopsis dispar (N.E.Br.) Aubrév.
Sapotaceae		Tugela bush-milkwood (E), Tugelabosmelkhout (A), Umphumbulu (Z)KwaZulu-NatalTreeRareConsumed as a snackNot specified[149]
Lantana rugosa Thunb.
Verbenaceae		Benyoni (Z), Bentaka (X), Molutoane (SS), Wildsalie (a), Bird’s beer (E)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North West, and Western CapeShrubLeast concernFruit is edibleNot specified[14,30,37,52]
Rhoicissus tridentata (L.F) Wild & R.B. Drumm.
Vitaceae		Bushman’s grape (E), Wild grape (E), Ulatile (X), Lumbu (XT), Wildedruif (A)Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, and Northern CapeClimberLeast concernConsumed as a snack, used to make jams, jellies, and wineNot specified[30,37,52,66,150,151]
Common names: English (E), Afrikaans (A), Venda (V), Xhosa (X), Ndebele (ND), Sesotho (S), Siswati (SW), Xitsonga (XT), and Sepulana (PL). Minerals: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), nitrogen (N), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), chlorine (Cl), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), mercury (Hg), cobalt (Co), boron (B), potassium (K), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), strontium (Sr), and vitamins (V).

3.3. The Growth Habits of Wild Fruits

Regarding the growth habits of the wild fruits in this current study, the documented wild plants had four life forms, i.e., trees, shrubs, climbers, and herbs. The trees were the most dominant, which comprised 44 species, accounting for 60% of the documented species, as stipulated in Figure 3 below, followed by the shrubs (n = 21) (28%), climbers (n = 6) (8%), and the least, the herbs (n = 2) (3%). Consequently, one out of the 74 documented species does not have a specified growth form i.e., Hydrona africana Thumb. These results aligns with those that were found in the study by Ramachandran [152], whereby trees were the most dominant growth form of wild fruits. In contrast, Asfaw, Lulekal [153], in their study, found that shrubs were the most dominant, followed by trees.

3.4. The Nutritional Composition and Uses of Some of the Key Wild Fruits in South Africa

Wild fruits are known to have nutritional and medicinal value; however, this review was only limited to their uses as a food source. Globally, wild fruit trees are gaining increasing recognition and importance due to their nutritional components [154]. Wild fruits serve as a source of essential nutrients, including both macro- and micronutrients, that are crucial in our diets [155]. The nutritional contents of wild fruits are very significant as they provide supplemental sustenance and vital nutrients, especially for local people who are mainly dependent on wild foods as they widely assist in food insecurity and malnutrition [156]. Incorporating wild fruits into our diets will exhibit higher diversity and greater nutrient quality as compared to cultivated fruits [157], as wild fruits have been endorsed as abundant sources of antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins [158,159]. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest to assess the nutritional characteristics of numerous wild fruits [160,161,162,163]. Scientific research has confirmed that certain fruits are advantageous suppliers of nutrients [77,164,165]. As noted by Kucich and Wicht [166], wild fruits in different parts of South Africa serve as an affordable and viable option for fulfilling our daily nutritional needs. Only 41 of the fruits that are tabulated have nutritional content information.
Azanza garckeana (F.Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. is a wild edible fruit species that falls under the Malvaceae family. It is commonly known as snot apple, muthowa, or jakjak and it is widely distributed in the Limpopo province. It can be consumed raw as a snack, or it can be used to make porridge. Figure 4 below shows the Azanza garckeana (F.Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. fruits. They consists of the following mineral composition and proximate composition: Ca (9.5 mg/100 g), Fe (8.4 mg/100 g), K (2619 mg/100 g), P (147.6 mg/100 g), Mg (145.6 mg/100 g), Na (20.02 mg/100 g), fiber (45.3%), carbohydrates (35.2%), ash, moisture, proteins (12%), and fat (1%) [77].
Annona senegalensis Pers. is widely known as the “wild custard apple” and it belongs to the Annonaceae family. It is widely distributed in KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga. It contains 25.3% carbohydrates, 12.20% moisture, 24.0% fat, 12.10% ash, and 8.80% protein [56]. Ca (1.35 mg/g), K (0.47 mg/ g), Zn (0.48 mg/ g), Fe (1.80 mg/g), and Mn (0.13 mg/ g) are some of the mineral components that are found in the fruits of A. senegalensis [56]. It forms an important food source due to its nutritional composition.
Sclerocarya birrea Hochst. (marula fruit—as shown in Figure 5) is one of the most important wild fruits found in South Africa as declared by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Consequently, it was selected for domestication and commercialization to enhance the nutritional status and welfare of people living in rural communities, especially during dry seasons [167]. It is a fruit tree that belongs to Anacardiaceae and is widely distributed in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North West. The marula fruit is a rich source of vitamin C, which ranges from 62 mg/100 g to about 2100 mg/100 g [43,168,169,170]. It is distinguished as a commercially viable wild fruit, and this is supported by Moyo, Kulkarni [171], as they stipulated that the marula fruit is a food crop in several African countries and it is in huge demand for industrial uses. Vitamin C, which is also known as ascorbic acid, plays a crucial role in in enhancing food and nutritional security due to its numerous health advantages and contributions to general well-being, since humans cannot synthesize vitamin C, making its dietary intake from wild fruits necessary [172]. The marula fruit, as shown in Table 1, also consists of proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, etc. According to Pfukwa, Chikwanha [25], the marula fruit significantly enhances nutrient consumption and serves a crucial function in our diets.
The marula fruit can be consumed raw or it can be used to produce products such as jelly, jam, juice, desserts, beer, chutneys, pie fillings, and sauces [173,174,175]; these products are sold in national and international markets, especially the Amarula liquor. According to Ndabikunze, Masambu [176], the fruits of Sclerocarya birrea can substantially enhance food and nutrition security at a household level. However, these fruits are underutilized even though they have the potential for reducing food and nutritional insecurity [177,178,179,180].
Mimusops zeyheri Sond., which has common names such as Transvaal red milkwood, (English), umpushane (Zulu), and mgamba kapu (Swati), is a perennial fruit tree belonging to the Sapotaceae family, its fruits are yellow orange, and it is also one of the most important wild fruits found in South Africa (Figure 6). Transvaal red milkwood fruits are a rich source of vitamins, proteins, and fatty acids as compared to commercial fruits such as guava, apples, and oranges, making them valuable sources to be added to our diets. According to Wilson and Downs [35], the fruits of Mimusops zeyheri contain higher levels of carbohydrates. Consequently, they demonstrate high amounts of ash content, proteins, starch, organic matter, dry matter, and carbohydrates, accounting for 2.80–4.1%, 9.30%, 83.30%, 91.10%, and 2.0%, respectively [147,148,181,182]. The vitamin C found in these fruits is higher than that typically found in cultivated fruits, accounting for 90 mg/100 g [183]. According to Mashela and Mollel [184], Mimusops zeyheri is one of the most fresh edible fruits. Moreover, Akinola, Pereira [8] highlighted that Mimusops zeyheri have the potential to reduce food and nutritional insecurity. Currently, they are used to produce beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and jellies, which are found in rural and urban open markets [146,185]. An example of this fruit is shown below.
Strychnos spinosa Lam., which is commonly known as the spiny monkey orange (E), belongs to the Loganiaceae family. In South Africa, it is widely distributed in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga Provinces. As noted in Table 1, the fruits of Strychnos spinosa consist of carbohydrates (42–60%), dry matter (19.7%), proteins (3.3%), moisture (74.6%), fat (2–31%), fiber (2.1%), ash (4.6%), Cu (0.04 mg/100 g–0.24 mg/100g), Mn (2.74 mg/100 g), K (1370 mg/100 g), Zn (0.22 mg/100 g), Ca (56 mg/100 g), Mg (49 mg/100 g), Na (21.7 mg/100 g), Fe (0.11 mg/100 g), P (66 mg/100 g), vitamin C (20 mg/100 g–88 mg/100 g), and energy (1923 KJ/100 g), making it have a significant nutritional value in rural populations [77,108,112,186]. The fruits of this plant are highly nutritious, and they contribute significantly to the diets of local people in South Africa. Among all other functions, Strychnos spinosa fruits serve as a source of income since some people are selling them [14,187,188]. However, the fruits of these species are limited to local consumption and have not entered commercial markets. The fruits of Strychnos spinosa are edible and are used to produce alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, i.e., they are recognized for their nutritional value. In contrast, these fruits are considered underutilized and they have a huge potential for contributing to sustainable food and nutrition [189].
Vangueria infausta Burch, which is commonly known as the African medlar, belongs to the Rubiaceae family. The Rubiaceae family fruit species, including Vangueria infausta, are rich in essential minerals such as Fe (0.09 mg/100 g–21.60 mg/100 g), Mg (0.06 mg/100 g–99.00 mg/100 g), and K (1.80 mg/100 g–1683.00 mg/100 g) [112,136,190]. According to Sibiya, Kayitesi [59], the essential minerals that are required by humans on a daily basis are prominently found in wild fruits. Hence, they are considered to be a very important food in the field of food science and technology [191]. Seemingly, Shai, Ncama [14] stated that wild fruit species have the capacity to enhance the food production sector, and they may contribute to the achievement of some of the sustainable development goals. However, there is limited research on the development and enhancement of wild fruit species [155]. Vangueria infausta is a widespread fruit plant that is native to South Africa. It is a widely consumed indigenous fruit among rural communities in South Africa. The fruits are rich in nutrients (macro and micro), as stipulated in Table 1. The African medlar fruit is mainly eaten raw, however, it can be used to produce products such as jam, juice, pudding, vinegar, and apple sauce, and it can be fermented to make alcoholic beverages such as beer and brandy [50,138]. According to Maroyi [192], the fruits of Vangueria infausta Burch have a huge potential for being commercialized as novel foods. Research by Steel and Behr [193] reported that some households use the juice of the fruit to enhance the flavor of porridge. As noted by Ráice [194], some of the fruits are dried for future uses, especially when there is food scarcity. Amarteifio and Mosase [112] highlighted that the fruits of Vangueria infausta Burch are a very good source of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium as compared to some cultivated fruits (Figure 7).
Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Warb. is known as the “Kei apple” wild fruit species that belongs to the genus Dovyalis under the family Salicaceae. In South Africa, it is commonly found in Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Western Cape. Figure 8 depicts this fruit.
It consists of the following proximate composition, i.e., carbohydrates, moisture, protein, fiber, and ash which comprises 54.05%, 15.50%, 4.0%, 16.03%, and 7.45%, respectively [142]. Moreover, the fruits also contain Cu (0.06 mg/100 g), Mg (0.4 mg/100 g), K (606 mg/100 g), P (10.5 mg/100 g), Ca (4.8 mg/100 g), and Na (9.5 g/100 g) [126]. These fruits can be consumed fresh or they can be processed into products such as jams, jellies, juices, sweets, savory foods, preserves, and wines [195].
Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh., commonly known as wild plum, belongs to one of the largest families, i.e., Anacardiaceae, and it is the only species that is recognized under this family. It spreads through Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga. It can be consumed raw as a snack, and used to produce jams, jellies, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and rose wines. Protein (0.7 g/100 g), fat (0.2 g/100 g), carbohydrates (9.1 g/100 g), ash (0.8 g/100 g), Ca (47.0 mg/100 g–115.8 mg/100 g), Cu (0.1 mg/100 g–0.4 mg/100 g), Fe (0.6 mg/100 g–2.9 mg/100 g), Mg (23.7 mg/100 g–26.4 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (70.7 mg/100 g) are some of the nutritional components of this wild fruit [196]. Figure 9 below depicts this fruit.
Syzygium guineense (Willd) DC. is an edible wild fruit species that is found across KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga in South Africa. It belongs to the Myrtaceae family, and it is commonly addressed as bushveld water berry and water pear. Figure 10 below represents this fruit. As stipulated by Maregesi, Kagashe [127], the fruit contains of the following mineral contents: Mn (8.5 mg/100 g), Ca (20.477 mg/100 g), Fe (268.3 mg/100 g), K (443 mg/100 g), P (8392 mg/100 g), and vitamin A (1.7 mg/100 g). It also consists of ash (3.34 g/100 g) moisture (82.4 g/100 g), proteins (1.66 g/100 g), carbohydrates (1.01 g/100 g), fat (7.74 g/100 g), and energy (80.34 g/100 g) [126]. According to Low, Rajaraman [197], the fruits of this species have great nutritional components and they can be used widely for making jams, drinks, and jellies.

3.5. Conservation Status

South Africa is a country that is rich in wild foods such as wild fruits. As in the study by Semenya and Mokgoebo [198], all the plant species that are documented in this study are listed in the South African National Red Data List of plants. In this current study, 94.56% of the documented wild fruits are classified as “least concern”, meaning that they are not threatened, whilst “critically endangered”, “rare”, “not evaluated”, and “near threatened” are each represented by one fruit species, which make up 1.35% of the total documented wild fruit species. These statuses of the documented wild fruit species were taken from the Red List of South African Plants. According to [199], species that are considered as rare are those species that naturally occur in a limited geographical region, inhabit one or a few specialized environments, and constitute only a small population within their distribution; in this case, the Vitellariopsis dispar (N.E.Br.) Aubrév. is only found in KwaZulu-Natal, and it is endemic to South Africa. Additionally, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Figure 2) has not yet been evaluated for its conservation status, meaning that it has not yet been assessed against the criteria established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). As stated by Moraswi, Bamigboye [200], the evaluation of the conservation status of native plants is crucial, as threats to these species may adversely affect the natural ecosystem. For this present study, Acanthosicyos horridus Welw. ex Hook.f. is the only plant species that falls under the critically endangered species list, and Cryptocarya wyliei Stapf is the only nearly threatened plant species, as indicated in Figure 11.

4. Conclusions

This review compiled some of the nutritious edible wild fruits in South Africa. It further highlights the contribution of wild edible fruits to enhancing food and nutrition security countrywide. Studies of this stature are crucial for encouraging the development of grassroots food products while strengthening the fight against starvation, malnutrition, and food insecurity. Therefore, it is arguable that this study aligns with the sustainable development goal of zero hunger and food security. A total of 74 wild edible fruit species belonging to 29 families were inventoried with their dietary contents. However, this review has identified a dearth of information regarding the complete nutrition contents of some wild edible fruit species, including Grewia flavor, Ficus burkei, Ficus petersii, Ficus sansibarica, Syzygium intermedium, Olea capensis, Bridelia mollis, Flueggea virosa, Manilkara discolor, Inhambanella henriquesii, Vitellariopsis dispan, Lantana rugosa, Rhoicissus tridentata, Lannea schweinfurthii, Ozoroa dispar, Searsia dentata, Searsia discolor, Searsia leptodictya, Searsia pendulina, Searsia undulata, Searsia pentheri, Hexalobul monopetalus, Ancylobotrys capensis, Pollichia campestris, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Euclea crispa, Euclea divinorum, Euclea natalensis, Dialium schlechteri, Macrotyloma maranguense, Romulea rosea, and Cryptocarya wyliei. In this regard, the current study recommends that future studies on wild edible fruits focus on nutrition content and new food development. Wild edible fruit species, such as Sclerocarya birrea (marula), Mimusops zeyheri (Transvaal red milkwood), and Strychnos spinosa (spiny monkey orange), were noted for their substantial contributions to dietary diversity, providing vitamins, minerals, proteins, etc. In addition, wild edible fruits could potentially enhance food and nutritional security in rural and marginalized South African communities. Furthermore, socio-economic studies, including the prospects of wild edible fruits’ potential to enhance new rural income generation streams, could give insights required to evaluate their economic contribution in rural areas.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, N.P.L., L.J.R., and P.T.N.; methodology, P.T.N.; validation, P.T.N., M.E.M., and L.J.R.; formal analysis, N.P.L.; investigation, M.E.M. and N.P.L.; resources, N.P.L. and P.T.N.; data curation, N.P.L.; writing—original draft preparation, N.P.L.; writing—review and editing, M.E.M., L.J.R., and P.T.N.; visualization, M.E.M.; supervision, L.J.R. and P.T.N.; project administration, L.J.R. and P.T.N.; funding acquisition, N.P.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The Vice Chancellor Scholarship partially funded this study, and the University of Mpumalanga funded the APC and the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (NRF Grant no. PSTD2204295307).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Acknowledgments

Lubisi is grateful to the VC scholarship and the University of Mpumalanga.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the literature search procedure.
Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the literature search procedure.
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Figure 2. The distribution of wild fruit species per family.
Figure 2. The distribution of wild fruit species per family.
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Figure 3. The growth habits of wild fruits.
Figure 3. The growth habits of wild fruits.
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Figure 4. The Azanza garckeana (F.Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. fruit. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwA_ZruD7C9fOk78mDjvB39WsoG2-BdyHt4g&s (accessed on 18 April 2025).
Figure 4. The Azanza garckeana (F.Hoffm.) Exell & Hillc. fruit. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwA_ZruD7C9fOk78mDjvB39WsoG2-BdyHt4g&s (accessed on 18 April 2025).
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Figure 5. The marula fruit. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRT809YeV3HSUwZAvebgy2CunwB1y4_3xYQlQ&s (accessed on 18 April 2025).
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Figure 6. Mimusops zeyheri. https://pza.sanbi.org/sites/default/files/images/plants/10599/mimusopzeyfruit.jpg (accessed on 17 April 2025).
Figure 6. Mimusops zeyheri. https://pza.sanbi.org/sites/default/files/images/plants/10599/mimusopzeyfruit.jpg (accessed on 17 April 2025).
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Figure 7. Monkey orange. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSh4YS5OS3P6XM9R86rFDtOazVSN91gajfxSQ&s (accessed on 17 April 2025).
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Figure 8. Kei apple. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQG-uFh37HuCPMq0-oMy4UeVl8D7_Zx3_LH4g&s (accessed on 17 April 2025).
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Figure 9. Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS4hLzY2zyYyhLK4naQYKyIJBSqsE2_bcYH4Q&s (accessed on 17 April 2025).
Figure 9. Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS4hLzY2zyYyhLK4naQYKyIJBSqsE2_bcYH4Q&s (accessed on 17 April 2025).
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Figure 10. Syzygium guineense (Willd) DC. fruit. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1nFFG5372tcFCRkN9Zl7VHST3S5iXzlFQAg&s (accessed on 17 April 2025).
Figure 10. Syzygium guineense (Willd) DC. fruit. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1nFFG5372tcFCRkN9Zl7VHST3S5iXzlFQAg&s (accessed on 17 April 2025).
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Figure 11. Conservation status of wild edible fruit species found in South Africa.
Figure 11. Conservation status of wild edible fruit species found in South Africa.
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Lubisi, N.P.; Matlala, M.E.; Ramarumo, L.J.; Ndhlovu, P.T. Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Understudied Wild Edible Fruits in South Africa: Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Food Security: A Review. Foods 2025, 14, 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101726

AMA Style

Lubisi NP, Matlala ME, Ramarumo LJ, Ndhlovu PT. Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Understudied Wild Edible Fruits in South Africa: Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Food Security: A Review. Foods. 2025; 14(10):1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101726

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lubisi, Nonhlanhla Preduence, Maropeng Erica Matlala, Luambo Jeffrey Ramarumo, and Peter Tshepiso Ndhlovu. 2025. "Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Understudied Wild Edible Fruits in South Africa: Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Food Security: A Review" Foods 14, no. 10: 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101726

APA Style

Lubisi, N. P., Matlala, M. E., Ramarumo, L. J., & Ndhlovu, P. T. (2025). Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Understudied Wild Edible Fruits in South Africa: Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Food Security: A Review. Foods, 14(10), 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101726

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