Metabolomics Combined with Correlation Analysis Revealed the Differences in Antioxidant Activities of Lotus Seeds with Varied Cultivars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals Reagents
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Main Chemical Composition Analysis
2.4. Metabolomics Analysis by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS
2.4.1. Extraction of Metabolites from LS
2.4.2. The Conditions of UPLC-Q/TOF-MS Analysis
2.4.3. Data Preprocessing
2.5. UPLC-QqQ-MS Analysis
2.6. Antioxidant Activities Evaluation
2.6.1. DPPH•
2.6.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
2.6.3. ABTS•+
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Composition of Different LS Cultivars
3.1.1. Main Chemical Composition Analysis
3.1.2. Fatty Acid Composition
3.2. Metabolomics Analysis of Different LS Cultivars Based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS
3.2.1. Metabolites Analysis of LS
3.2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.2.3. Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA)
3.2.4. Metabolic Pathway Analysis
3.3. UPLC-QqQ-MS Analysis
3.4. Antioxidant Activities of Different LS Cultivars
3.5. Correlation Analysis of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | JX17 | TK66 | TK36 | BH | BY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture g/100 g FW | 58.41 ± 1.41 bc | 61.49 ± 1.65 a | 60.64 ± 1.22 a | 59.71 ± 1.86 ab | 57.00 ± 1.98 c |
Total starch g/100 g DW | 72.79 ± 3.77 a | 72.16 ± 1.63 a | 61.34 ± 3.98 b | 62.89 ± 3.88 b | 64.08 ± 4.44 b |
Protein g/100 g DW | 21.35 ± 0.94 b | 21.71 ± 0.72 b | 23.64 ± 0.66 a | 22.76 ± 1.03 a | 20.19 ± 0.45 c |
Fat g/100 g DW | 1.56 ± 0.06 c | 1.76 ± 0.09 b | 2.04 ± 0.11 a | 1.74 ± 0.06 b | 1.79 ± 0.10 b |
TPC mg GAE/100 g DW | 73.19 ± 6.51 ab | 80.60 ± 4.9 a | 73.58 ± 5.8 ab | 70.75 ± 5.59 b | 71.24 ± 5.66 b |
Fatty Acid | JX17 | TK66 | TK36 | BH | BY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C11:0 | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | ND | ND | 0.08 ± 0.02 a |
C14:0 | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a |
C16:0 | 15.66 ± 0.28 b | 15.42 ± 0.42 b | 16.74 ± 1.29 a | 15.98 ± 0.49 ab | 16.57 ± 0.69 a |
C16:1 | 0.15 ± 0.00 ab | 0.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01b | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 b |
C18:0 | 2.18 ± 0.11 b | 2.13 ± 0.13 bc | 2.36 ± 0.10 a | 2.00 ± 0.09 c | 2.43 ± 0.11 a |
C18:1 | 11.33 ± 0.79 bc | 9.90 ± 0.26 c | 11.01 ± 1.27 bc | 13.00 ± 2.60 b | 16.50 ± 3.93 a |
C18:2 | 53.79 ± 1.10 ab | 55.03 ± 0.56 a | 52.99 ± 1.19 b | 52.89 ± 1.78 b | 48.52 ± 2.41 c |
C20:0 | 2.10 ± 0.04 bc | 2.45 ± 0.11 a | 2.23 ± 0.28 b | 1.94 ± 0.19 c | 2.62 ± 0.20 a |
C18:3 | 5.50 ± 0.35 ab | 5.33 ± 0.25 b | 5.50 ± 0.33 ab | 5.80 ± 0.37 a | 3.60 ± 0.24 c |
C20:3 | 6.93 ± 0.28 a | 7.25 ± 0.38 a | 6.86 ± 0.70 a | 6.11 ± 0.66 b | 7.38 ± 0.63 a |
C20:4 | 0.20 ± 0.02 ab | 0.20 ± 0.01 ab | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.03 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 ab |
C22:2 | 1.83 ± 0.13 a | 1.80 ± 0.08 a | 1.68 ± 0.20 a | 1.64 ± 0.15 a | 1.65 ± 0.17 a |
SFA | 20.30 ± 0.31 b | 20.34 ± 0.43 b | 21.64 ± 0.96 a | 20.22 ± 0.58 b | 22.00 ± 0.77 a |
UFA | 79.70 ± 0.31 a | 79.66 ± 0.43 a | 78.36 ± 0.96 b | 79.78 ± 0.58 a | 78.00 ± 0.77b |
PUFA | 68.26 ± 1.09 ab | 69.61 ± 0.41 a | 67.25 ± 0.69 ab | 66.62 ± 2.40 b | 61.35 ± 3.23 c |
UFA/SFA | 3.93 ± 0.07 a | 3.92 ± 0.11 a | 3.63 ± 0.20b | 3.95 ± 0.14 a | 3.55 ± 0.17 b |
Compounds | TK36 | TK66 | JX17 | BY | BH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malic acid | 402.37 ± 25.81 b | 418.14 ± 41.29 a | 357.25 ± 39.63 bc | 359.76 ± 40.18 bc | 323.47 ± 7.19 c |
Fumaric acid | 16.76 ± 0.79 a | 15.26 ± 0.66 ab | 14.25 ± 0.43 b | 15.17 ± 1.24 b | 14.77 ± 1.16 b |
Gallic acid | 0.28 ± 0.03 b | 0.27 ± 0.02 ba | 0.33 ± 0.03 b | 0.29 ± 0.03 b | 0.43 ± 0.09 a |
Catechin | 1.99 ± 0.21 b | 2.89 ± 0.39 a | 2.07 ± 0.29 b | 2.53 ± 0.20 ab | 2.40 ± 0.31 ab |
Epicatechin | 0.26 ± 0.03 ab | 0.29 ± 0.04 a | 0.21 ± 0.03 c | 0.29 ± 0.03 ab | 0.22 ± 0.03 bc |
Schaftoside | 7.13 ± 1.95 b | 6.80 ± 1.05 bc | 11.33 ± 1.61 a | 4.09 ± 0.66 c | 7.65 ± 1.43 b |
Isoorientin | 3.03 ± 0.63 bc | 4.44 ± 1.13 b | 8.24 ± 1.21 a | 2.02 ± 0.66 c | 4.97 ± 1.01 b |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.88 ± 0.16 bc | 1.36 ± 0.15 a | 0.91 ± 0.15 b | 0.60 ± 0.10 d | 0.64 ± 0.10 cd |
Sinapic acid | 0.28 ± 0.02 ab | 0.26 ± 0.07 b | 0.39 ± 0.08 a | 0.21 ± 0.06 b | 0.27 ± 0.03 b |
Ferulic acid | 0.45 ± 0.07 b | 0.45 ± 0.08 b | 0.61 ± 0.09 ab | 0.75 ± 0.12 a | 0.44 ± 0.09 b |
Rutin | 7.80 ± 1.57 b | 10.61 ± 2.01 a | 10.04 ± 0.82 a | 7.50 ± 1.03 b | 7.86 ± 0.83 b |
Isoquercitrin | 1.86 ± 0.44 ab | 1.78 ± 0.30 bc | 2.35 ± 0.33 ab | 1.53 ± 0.25 c | 2.32 ± 0.12 a |
Cinnamic acid | 0.42 ± 0.07 bc | 0.32 ± 0.09 c | 0.57 ± 0.58 b | 0.58 ± 0.10 b | 0.91 ± 0.18 a |
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Yu, X.; Wang, Y.; Yan, X.; Leng, T.; Xie, J.; Yu, Q.; Chen, Y. Metabolomics Combined with Correlation Analysis Revealed the Differences in Antioxidant Activities of Lotus Seeds with Varied Cultivars. Foods 2024, 13, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071084
Yu X, Wang Y, Yan X, Leng T, Xie J, Yu Q, Chen Y. Metabolomics Combined with Correlation Analysis Revealed the Differences in Antioxidant Activities of Lotus Seeds with Varied Cultivars. Foods. 2024; 13(7):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071084
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Xinjin, Yuting Wang, Xiaoli Yan, Tuo Leng, Jianhua Xie, Qiang Yu, and Yi Chen. 2024. "Metabolomics Combined with Correlation Analysis Revealed the Differences in Antioxidant Activities of Lotus Seeds with Varied Cultivars" Foods 13, no. 7: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071084