Next Article in Journal
Changes in Novel Biomarkers for Protein Oxidation in Pork Patties under Different Cooking Methods
Previous Article in Journal
Reformulation of Tunisian Sun-Dried Merguez with Camel Meat: Characterization of Physicochemical and Compositional Changes in Organic Acids, Fatty Acids, Volatile Compounds, and Minerals
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Foods
Volume 13
Issue 7
10.3390/foods13071031
foods-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates

by
Ana Carolina do Carmo Mazzinghy
1,
Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva
1,
Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos
2,
Carla Patrícia de Oliveira
1,
Gabriel Barbosa de Oliveira
2,
Rodinei Augusti
3,
Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo
2 and
Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
1,*
1
Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
2
Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
3
Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071031
Submission received: 1 July 2023 / Revised: 1 August 2023 / Accepted: 3 August 2023 / Published: 28 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) can be used for craft chocolate production, which arouses consumer interest due to their perceived better quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of 80% artisanal chocolate samples produced with cocoa beans subjected to different maturation conditions. In the first maturation process, beans were matured under no-oxygen conditions, and in the second, the toasted beans were matured in oak barrels. The volatile compounds of the chocolate samples were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The non-volatile compounds were extracted with methanol and analyzed through paper spray mass spectrometry. Overall, 35 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were identified, such as propanoic acid and butane-2,3-diol. In addition, 37 non-volatile compounds, such as procyanidin A pentoside and soyasaponin B, were listed. Tannins, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids were the main chemical classes observed, varying between the two samples analyzed. Therefore, it was possible to verify that maturation conditions affected the metabolomic profile of the 80% artisanal chocolate samples, being able to influence the sensory characteristics and bioactive compounds profile. Given these results, the sensory evaluation of these chocolates is suggested as the next step.

1. Introduction

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the fruit of the cocoa tree, which is a small tree [1,2] from the Malvaceae family and is native to tropical America [3,4]. This species has different varieties, being called Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario, and can be identified by checking the size, shape, and attributes, such as the color and appearance of the fruit, in addition to the geographical origin of the fruit [5,6]. Cocoa comprises the peel, pulp, and seed and can contain up to 40 seeds [7,8]. Cocoa is a versatile fruit with significant economic importance due to its vast industrial applicability [9]. However, its primary use is directed to manufacture chocolates [10,11]. To produce chocolate, cocoa beans are used exclusively [12]. These are considerably important for the food industry, as they are the parts that most add economic value to the fruit [13,14]. Cocoa products with unique characteristics are the most sought after in the market due to their uniqueness, related to the composition and the specific flavor [11].
Recently, the production of craft chocolates has been arousing interest worldwide. The production method of these chocolates manages the entire production process, which goes from obtaining the cocoa bean to manufacturing the chocolate bars [15,16]. These chocolates are produced by artisanal methods using high-quality cocoa beans, which, after being harvested, are subjected to fermentation, drying, and roasting [17,18]. Fermentation is crucial for developing flavor precursors and bioactive compounds characteristic of cocoa and its derivatives [7,11]. Although it is not mandatory in processing, one step that is being implemented by the companies that produce these artisanal chocolates is the maturation of the beans. According to Castro et al. [19], barrel maturation aims to confer a sensory complexity to food. During this stage, the extraction of phenolic compounds occurs, in addition to a series of chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization, and esterification.
Chocolate has a unique flavor and aroma, and these sensory attributes are related to the diversity of volatile and non-volatile compounds present in the composition of cocoa [20,21]. The volatile compounds confer various aromas to the products, being perceived by the retro-nasal and gustatory senses [22]. These aroma characteristics, along with the color and texture of the chocolate, are fundamental in the perception and indicate consumer preference [23,24,25].
The consumption of cocoa and chocolate is related to several beneficial effects on human health due to the presence of substances that give them this potential. The main benefits reported are related to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, improvement of glucose homeostasis, prevention of obesity, and improvement of the immune system, in addition to evidence regarding the central nervous system [26,27].
The cocoa is processed in several stages, from the fruit harvest to obtaining cocoa butter; subsequently, the chocolate is produced [28,29]. Therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of maturation conditions on the chemical characteristics of this raw material and its products. Several modern methods can characterize complex matrices, such as food. One of these methods is headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), which has been constantly used for food analysis to determine volatile compounds. HS-SPME avoids the need to use organic solvents and the destruction of sample analytes [23,30].
Some compounds are not volatile. However, they can be analyzed using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), which is a technique that has been widely used for the rapid acquisition of the fingerprints of complex substances, such as drugs and metabolites, due to being versatile, simple, and low-cost, in addition to demonstrating greater applicability in food analysis [31,32].
This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile in the non-volatile and volatile composition of 80% artisanal chocolate samples, in which the cocoa beans used were submitted to two different maturation conditions.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Samples

The artisanal chocolate samples used in this study were provided by the company Miller and Fields Craft Chocolate, located in Florianópolis, Brazil, and the cocoa used to manufacture these chocolates was originally from Pará, Brazil. The two chocolate samples contained 80% cocoa, with a difference between the cocoa bean maturation conditions. Sample 1 (beans): Matured in a 200 L food container with a sealing lid and in the absence of oxygen. After a few months, the natural formation of a vacuum was observed due to the natural respiration of the cocoa. Sample 2 (toasted beans): Matured in a French oak barrel. Both samples were matured at room temperature and in relative humidity between 70 and 80%. After two years of maturation, the samples were roasted and ground (stone mill) under the same conditions. To manufacture these chocolates, a blend of the cocoa varieties Forastero, Trinitario (a hybrid between Criollo and Forastero), and some cocoa clones were used.

2.2. Extraction and Identification of Volatile Organic Compound

The solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode (HS-SPME) was used for the extraction of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) (65 μm) fiber, as described by Ramos et al. [30].
Initially, 2.0 g of chocolate samples were weighed in a 20 mL headspace vial and sealed with an aluminum seal in triplicate. Subsequently, the samples were preheated on a heating plate for 5 min. After preheating, the PDMS/DVB fiber was inserted into the vial and exposed to the chocolate samples for 10 min. This fiber was removed from the vial and manually inserted into the GC-MS, in which the temperature in the injector was 250 °C, with a desorption time of 5 min, the temperature of the ion source was 200 °C, and the interface was 275 °C.
VOC identification was performed on a gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890 B) coupled with a mass spectrometer (Agilent 5977A) with a quadrupole analyzer with a split/splitless injector in splitless mode. For this, the following conditions were applied: injector temperature of 250 °C, ion source temperature of 275 °C, and interface temperature of 275 °C. Ultrapure helium gas was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1, and the VOCs were separated using a capillary column Varian Cp-Wax 52CB (CP 8714), 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm (Agilent Technologies).
The initial heating of the column was 40 °C for 1 min, increasing from 20 °C min−1 up to 70 °C and remaining at the temperature for 1 min, then 8 °C min−1 up to 100 °C remaining for 3 min. There was an increase from 10 °C min−1 to 150 °C remaining for 1 min. Finally, the temperature increased to 250 °C, remaining for 3 min. The total running time was 27 min. Data acquisition was generated in full-scan mode with a range of 35 to 350 m/z, obtained by the electron impact ionization (EI) technique at an energy of 70 eV.
The spectra of the VOCs were identified according to their fragmentation profile, which was compared with the mass spectra of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library, using a similarity level greater than 80%. In addition, the data were confirmed by comparing them with the compounds already reported in the literature [23,30,33,34].

2.3. Extraction and Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Previously crushed and homogenized chocolate samples were weighed (1.0 g) and mixed with 8 mL of HPLC-grade methanol in triplicate. Then, they were shaken for 30 s and kept at rest for one hour at ambient temperature (25 °C). The chocolate extracts’ analysis with PS-MS was carried out on an LCQ mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) equipped with a paper spray ionization source in two ionization modes: positive and negative.
The instrumental conditions of the PS-MS analysis were: voltage applied to the paper, 4.5 kV (positive mode) and 3.5 kV (negative mode); capillary temperature, 275 °C; capillary voltage, 40 V; tube lens voltage, 120 V. Full-scan mass spectra were acquired in a range of 100 to 1000 m/z (charge mass ratio). The chromatographic paper was cut in a triangular shape with a dimension of 1.0 × 1.5 × 1.5 cm [35,36].
The extracts of the chocolate samples (2 μL) were applied to the triangular base of the paper, followed by the addition of 40 μL of methanol, and the voltage was established through the metal clip. Subsequent fragmentations were performed with the collision energy between 15 and 45 eV. The mass spectra data were processed using Xcalibur software version 2.1 (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). For future analysis, the average mass spectra were listed and organized through spreadsheet software (Excel, 2020, Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). The metabolites’ identification, their m/z, and fragments were compared with the data previously found in the literature [35,36,37].

3. Results

3.1. Volatile Organic Compound Profile

In the 80% chocolate samples, 35 volatile compounds were found using the PDMS/DVB fiber (Table 1), of which 26 were identified in Sample 1 and 20 in Sample 2.

3.2. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The spectra referring to the chemical profile of the fixed compounds of the two 80% chocolate samples in the positive and negative ionization modes can be observed in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively.
Through the identification attempt, it was possible to find 37 compounds analyzing their Figures S1–S4 spectra, of which 33 were identified in the negative ionization mode and four in the positive ionization mode (Table 2).

4. Discussion

4.1. Volatile Organic Compound Profile

In the present study, the chemical classes found in the chocolate samples were acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenylpropanoids, esters, and pyrazines. When conducting a study on the volatile composition of seven chocolate samples, Waehrens et al. [49] identified approximately 69 compounds, which also belonged predominantly to these chemical classes. In addition, the authors emphasized that most of these compounds were identified in chocolates whose cocoa composition was higher than 70%. These results support the compounds’ presence in these samples, considering that the chocolates evaluated had 80% cocoa in their composition.
Hexadecanoic acid (Table 1) was also identified by Kouassi et al. [50] when evaluating the volatile composition of cocoa and the sensory perceptions of chocolate. As Ascrizzi et al. [51] reported, the acids (fatty, organic, and others) are evaporated in the drying stages of cocoa beans due to their volatility because the peel surrounding the beans is permeable.
However, it is essential to note that these acids confer a mild and pleasant flavor to chocolate. On the other hand, Chagas Junior et al. [52] warn that the presence of large quantities of acids in cocoa beans may confer undesirable characteristics to the quality of the chocolate, such as susceptibility to oxidative rancidity, which affects the product’s shelf life.
In both Sample 1 and Sample 2, the compound butane-2,3-diol was identified. Tuenter et al. [39], when evaluating samples of cocoa liquor and fine chocolate using the same method used here, found that alcohols corresponded to the second predominant chemical class in both samples evaluated, which corroborates the present results. In addition, these researchers also identified the presence of the compound 2,3-butanediol. Rodriguez-Campos et al. [53] also detected the same compound in cocoa beans during the fermentation and drying process. In their analysis of chocolates made with cocoa from different countries, Calva-Estrada et al. [54] reported that alcohols are of significant importance in the volatile chemical profile of chocolate since they have the potential to confer aroma to chocolate. All of the authors describe these compounds as being desirable to obtain a quality final product with specific sensory characteristics of chocolate.
Only in Sample 2, where the toasted beans matured in a French oak barrel, were the following aldehydes identified: benzaldehyde, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal, and 3-methyl hexanal. Benzene acetaldehyde and nonanal were identified in both samples. According to Kouassi et al. [50] and Hamdouche et al. [55], aldehydes result from oxidative reactions and fatty acid degradation during the fermentation process of cocoa beans. The beans’ maturation under the absence of oxygen may have contributed to the non-production of these four aldehydes identified only in Sample 2. Aldehydes are desirable since they are responsible for giving fruity and floral notes to cocoa products, as explained by Cemin et al. [20].
In this study, two ketones were detected: ethanone and acetoin. Kouassi et al. [50] warn that high ketone contents may be conducive to obtaining an excellent aromatic quality of cocoa after the fermentation stage. Esters are compounds that give a fruity aroma to cocoa beans [56]. In this study, it was possible to verify the presence of acetic acid-2-phenylethyl-ester in the two studied samples, but hexadecanoic acid methyl ester was only present in Sample 2. According to Kouassi et al. [50], these compounds are higher in fresh cocoa beans. This result suggests that maturation in oak barrels maintains the beans’ freshness since hexadecanoic acid methyl ester was identified in the final product.
According to Chagas Junior et al. [52], the fermentation stage of cocoa beans, as well as the later stages, are crucial for the sensory characteristics of the final product, which may influence the volatile composition of the final product, as reported by Afoakwa et al. [15]. Therefore, any alteration in the cocoa beans’ processing conditions may interfere with the chemical composition of the chocolate. With this information, these variations related to the identified chemical classes were expected, taking into account the different maturation conditions of the beans.
Even though these differences occurred, it is noticeable that the chemical classes found corroborate other findings in the literature, which also identified these classes in studies involving the chemical profile of cocoa and/or chocolate products [20,38,39,40].

4.2. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Analysis

In Sample 2, in which the toasted beans were matured in a French oak barrel, it was possible to detect the presence of hydroxy octadecenedioic fatty acid. This result was similar to that found by Greño et al. [41], Ramos-Escudero et al. [57], and Oliveira Júnior et al. [4], who also identified these compounds in cocoa beans and chocolates. However, Melo et al. [58] observed that the fatty acid profile varies according to the type of chocolate and the percentage of cocoa. According to Nagy and Tiuca [59], fatty acids, in general, are components of great relevance for human health because they have various biological and structural activities. Thus, the presence of these in the chemical composition of chocolate becomes desirable.
A disaccharide (glucose) was identified only in Sample 2, while hexitol was identified in Sample 1, where the cocoa beans were matured under oxygen-free conditions. Lavorgna et al. [42], when evaluating the chemical profile of cocoa beans of the Criollo variety, also detected disaccharide and hexitol compounds. These sugars are commonly found in chocolates, as they are added ingredients to obtain the sensorily desirable final product [60].
Serotonin was identified in the two chocolate samples evaluated. Wang et al. [61], when evaluating cocoa seeds, found this same compound. According to these authors, cocoa, as well as its products, have been arousing interest due to the potential beneficial effect on human health, among them, antidepressant effects due to high levels of serotonin. Therefore, this suggests that these chocolate samples have the potential effect of combating depression, regardless of the maturation conditions of the cocoa beans. According to Sezini and Coutto Gil [62], the benefits of serotonin are not limited to the central nervous system, given that this compound acts on other tissues, such as the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular.
The amino acid tryptophan was identified only in Sample 2, corroborating the works of Oliveira Júnior et al. [4] and Rosa et al. [45], who also identified this compound in cocoa beans and their products. According to Oliveira Júnior et al. [4], this amino acid is essential because it is the precursor of serotonin. However, its concentration in plasma is regulated through the balance of its intake in the diet and its removal from plasma for protein synthesis. Barros et al. [63] point out that chocolate with 70% cocoa, when consumed in the diet correctly, is fundamental to improving the central nervous system and promoting feelings of pleasure and well-being.
It was possible to detect some flavonoids derived from quercetin, procyanidins, and apigenin. Seem et al. [64] highlight that the flavonoids present in cocoa have potential benefits for bone health and exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Murphy et al. [65] reported that flavonoids and their subclasses are found in several fruits. However, they are predominantly found in cocoa and its products. Thus, it is possible to infer that most of the flavonoids were identified in the chocolates in which the toasted beans were maturated in a French oak barrel, evidencing that this stage of maturation, as well as the analogous conditions of this container, was probably favorable for the synthesis of these compounds. Quiroz-Reyes and Aguilar-Méndez [66] also point out that it is common to find this chemical class in cocoa derivatives. Given the above, the similarity with the results obtained from this study is noticeable.

5. Conclusions

Solid-phase microextraction coupled with mass spectrometry was efficient, separating and identifying 35 compounds belonging to several chemical classes. It was possible to verify that in Sample 2, in which the toasted beans matured in a French oak barrel, there was a predominance of aldehydes, which can be considered desirable for chocolates since these compounds are responsible for conferring fruity and floral notes to the products derived from cocoa, evidencing the modification of the chemical profile of chocolate, according to the conditions analogous to the processing step.
The analysis of the chemical profile using PS-MS was efficient since 37 compounds were suggested. The main class found in both samples was flavonoids, but mostly in Sample 2. While the phenylpropanoids were identified only in Sample 2, evidencing that the toasting of beans and the maturation in an oak barrel altered the sensory profile of the chocolate as well as the profile of bioactive compounds. These results can be considered important and desirable for the food industry, considering that these new steps implemented during the processing of chocolates can be viable alternatives for the search for new flavors and aromas associated with the quality of these foods.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods13071031/s1, Figure S1: PS(+)MS full-scan of methanol extract from Sample 1 (beans), Figure S2: PS(+)MS full-scan of methanol extract from Sample 2 (toasted beans), Figure S3: PS(-)MS full-scan of methanol extract from Sample 1 (beans), Figure S4: PS(−)MS full-scan of methanol extract from Sample 2 (toasted beans), Figure S5: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 149 (ascribed as protonated serotonin), Figure S6: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 205 (ascribed as protonated I-Tryptophan), Figure S7: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 179 (ascribed as deprotonated Glucose), Figure S8: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 354 (ascribed as deprotonated caffeoyl tyrosine), Figure S9: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 433 (ascribed as deprotonated quercetin-3-O-arabinoside), Figure S10: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 461 (ascribed as deprotonated vanillic acid diglucoside), Figure S11: Product ion mass spectrum (MS/MS) of the ion of m/z 578 (ascribed as deprotonated apigenin-7-O-glucoside), Figure S12: Chromatogram generated for Sample 1 (beans), Figure S13: Chromatogram generated for Sample 2 (toasted beans), Figure S14: Mass spectrum generated for butane-2,3-diol, Figure S15: Mass spectrum generated for benzaldehyde, Figure S16: Mass spectrum generated for benzeneacetic, Figure S17: Mass spectrum generated for decanoic acid, Figure S18: Mass spectrum generated for dodecanoic acid, Figure S19: Mass spectrum generated for nonanoic acid, Figure S20: Mass spectrum generated for oleic acid, Figure S21: Mass spectrum generated for propanoic acid, Figure S22: Mass spectrum generated for pyrazine tetramethyl.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.C.d.C.M., V.D.M.S., A.C.d.C.M. and J.O.F.M.; methodology, A.C.d.C.M., A.L.C.C.R., G.B.d.O., R.A. and R.L.B.d.A.; validation, A.C.d.C.M., C.P.d.O. and J.O.F.M.; formal analysis, A.L.C.C.R. and G.B.d.O.; investigation, A.C.d.C.M., V.D.M.S. and J.O.F.M.; resources, J.O.F.M.; data curation, A.C.d.C.M. and J.O.F.M.; writing—original draft preparation, A.C.d.C.M., V.D.M.S., A.L.C.C.R., G.B.d.O. and J.O.F.M.; writing—review and editing, A.C.d.C.M., V.D.M.S., A.L.C.C.R., G.B.d.O. and J.O.F.M.; visualization, C.P.d.O., V.D.M.S., A.L.C.C.R. and J.O.F.M.; supervision, J.O.F.M.; project administration, J.O.F.M. and R.A.; funding acquisition, J.O.F.M. and R.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Miller and Fields Craft Chocolate, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Grupo de Ensino de Pesquisa de Extensão em Química e Famarcognosia (GEPEQF) for the equipment loaned to carry out the analyses and their financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Santos, A.C. Consumos e Benefícios Do Cacau. Rev. Biodiversidade 2022, 21, 89. [Google Scholar]
  2. Caligiani, A.; Marseglia, A.; Prandi, B.; Palla, G.; Sforza, S. Influence of Fermentation Level and Geographical Origin on Cocoa Bean Oligopeptide Pattern. Food Chem. 2016, 211, 431–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Lopes, U.V.; Monteiro, W.R.; Pires, J.L.; Clement, D.; Yamada, M.M.; Gramacho, K.P. Cacao Breeding in Bahia, Brazil: Strategies and Results. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 2011, 11, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. De Oliveira Júnior, A.H.; Ramos, A.L.C.C.; Guedes, M.N.S.; Fagundes, M.C.P.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J.O.F. Chemical Profile and Bioprospecting of Cocoa Beans Analyzed by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Res. Soc. Dev. 2020, 9, e975986882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Soares, T.F.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P. Cocoa By-Products: Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Beneficial Health Effects. Molecules 2022, 27, 1625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Cerri, M.; Reale, L.; Zadra, C. Metabolite Storage in Theobroma cacao L. Seed: Cyto-Histological and Phytochemical Analyses. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Tennhardt, L.; Lazzarini, G.; Weisshaidinger, R.; Schader, C. Do Environmentally-Friendly Cocoa Farms Yield Social and Economic Co-Benefits? Ecol. Econ. 2022, 197, 107428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Da Silva Freitas, R.V.; da Silva, F.L.H.; de Assis Cavalcante, J.; de Souza Costa, I.I.; Sarmento, D.H.A.; Braga, R.C.; da Silva, F.S.; Barbosa, M.C.F.; de Almeida Rodrigues, E. Avaliação Da Composição Nutricional, Caracterização e Correlação Dos Parâmetros de Qualidade Da Polpa Do Cacau. Res. Soc. Dev. 2022, 11, e52511326677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Febrianto, N.A.; Zhu, F. Changes in the Composition of Methylxanthines, Polyphenols, and Volatiles and Sensory Profiles of Cocoa Beans from the Sul 1 Genotype Affected by Fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2020, 68, 8658–8675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Borges, E.M.E.S.; da Silva, F.L.H.; de Oliveira Ferreira, A.L.; de Medeiros, L.L. Cocoa Pulp (Theobroma cacao L.) as a Substrate in the Preparation of Potentially Probiotic. Res. Soc. Dev. 2021, 10, e01101119002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Martins, L.M.; de Santana, L.R.R.; Maciel, L.F.; Soares, S.E.; Ferreira, A.C.R.; Biasoto, A.C.T.; da Silva Bispo, E. Phenolic Compounds, Methylxanthines, and Preference Drivers of Dark Chocolate Made with Hybrid Cocoa Beans. Res. Soc. Dev. 2023, 12, e22912440782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Salles, B.P.A.; David, A.M.S.S.; Figueiredo, J.C.; Maia, V.M.; dos Santos Prudêncio, J.R.; Pereira, K.K.G. Viabilidade de Sementes de Cacau e Limitações No Armazenamento. Rev. Ciências Agrárias 2019, 42, 1010–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Paixão, M.V.S.; Demuner, F.M.; de Sousa Rodrigues, P.; de Faria Junior, H.P.; Bozetti, M. Pre Germinating Treatments on Germination of Cocoa Seeds. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci. 2019, 6, 130–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Ceplac—Cultivares. Available online: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/ceplac/publicacoes/cultivares/bannerclones-def2.pdf/view (accessed on 16 February 2023).
  15. Afoakwa, E.; Ofosu-Ansah, E.; Budu, A.; Mensah-Brown, H.; Takrama, J. Changes in Some Biochemical Qualities during Drying of Pulp Pre-Conditioned and Fermented Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Beans. African J. Food, Agric. Nutr. Dev. 2015, 15, 9651–9670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Kitani, Y.; Putri, S.P.; Fukusaki, E. Investigation of the Effect of Processing on the Component Changes of Single-Origin Chocolate during the Bean-to-Bar Process. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2022, 134, 138–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Beegum, P.P.S.; Pandiselvam, R.; Ramesh, S.V.; Sugatha, P.; Nooh, A.; Neenu, S.; Gupta, A.; Varghese, E.; Balasubramanian, D.; Apshara, E.S.; et al. Sensorial, Textural, and Nutritional Attributes of Coconut Sugar and Cocoa Solids Based “Bean-to-bar” Dark Chocolate. J. Texture Stud. 2022, 53, 870–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Giller, M. Bean-to-Bar Chocolate: America’s Craft Chocolate Revolution: The Origins, the Makers, and the Mind-Blowing Flavors, 1st ed.; Storey Publishing, LLC: Hachette, UK, 2017; ISBN 978-1612128214. [Google Scholar]
  19. Castro, M.C.; Silvello, G.C.; Corniani, L.S.; Acevedo, M.S.M.S.F.; de Andrade Marcondes Pereira, A.; Alcarde, A.R. Maturation-Related Phenolic Compounds in Cachaça Aged in Oak Barrels: Influence of Reuses. Wood Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 781–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Cemin, P.; Reis Ribeiro, S.; de Candido de Oliveira, F.; Leal Leães, F.; Regina dos Santos Nunes, M.; Wagner, R.; Sant’Anna, V. Chocolates with Brazilian Cocoa: Tracking Volatile Compounds According to Consumers’ Preference. Food Res. Int. 2022, 159, 111618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Bickel Haase, T.; Schweiggert-Weisz, U.; Ortner, E.; Zorn, H.; Naumann, S. Aroma Properties of Cocoa Fruit Pulp from Different Origins. Molecules 2021, 26, 7618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Rottiers, H.; Tzompa Sosa, D.A.; De Winne, A.; Ruales, J.; De Clippeleer, J.; De Leersnyder, I.; De Wever, J.; Everaert, H.; Messens, K.; Dewettinck, K. Dynamics of Volatile Compounds and Flavor Precursors during Spontaneous Fermentation of Fine Flavor Trinitario Cocoa Beans. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2019, 245, 1917–1937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Mariano, A.P.X.; Ramos, A.L.C.C.; de Oliveira Júnior, A.H.; García, Y.M.; de Paula, A.C.C.F.F.; Silva, M.R.; Augusti, R.; de Araújo, R.L.B.; Melo, J.O.F. Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg Fruit Pulp. Molecules 2022, 27, 935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. García-Muñoz, M.C.; Tarazona-Díaz, M.P.; Meneses-Marentes, N.A.; González-Sarmiento, G.; Pineda-Guerrero, A.S.; Gómez-Uribe, G.E. Development of Color Guides to Evaluate the Maturity of Cacao Clones by Digital Image Processing. Pesqui. Agropecuária Trop. 2021, 51, e69621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Da Rocha, R.F.J.; da Silva Araújo, Í.M.; de Freitas, S.M.; dos Santos Garruti, D. Optimization of Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Papaya Fruit Assisted by GC–Olfactometry. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 54, 4042–4050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Montagna, M.T.; Diella, G.; Triggiano, F.; Caponio, G.R.; De Giglio, O.; Caggiano, G.; Di Ciaula, A.; Portincasa, P. Chocolate, “Food of the Gods”: History, Science, and Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Fox, M.; Meyer-Gerspach, A.C.; Wendebourg, M.J.; Gruber, M.; Heinrich, H.; Sauter, M.; Woelnerhanssen, B.; Koeberle, D.; Juengling, F. Effect of Cocoa on the Brain and Gut in Healthy Subjects: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2019, 121, 654–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Herrera-Rocha, F.; Fernández-Niño, M.; Cala, M.P.; Duitama, J.; Barrios, A.F.G. Omics Approaches to Understand Cocoa Processing and Chocolate Flavor Development: A Review. Food Res. Int. 2023, 165, 112555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Urbańska, B.; Derewiaka, D.; Lenart, A.; Kowalska, J. Changes in the Composition and Content of Polyphenols in Chocolate Resulting from Pre-Treatment Method of Cocoa Beans and Technological Process. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2019, 245, 2101–2112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Ramos, A.L.C.C.; Mendes, D.D.; Silva, M.R.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J.O.F.; de Araújo, R.L.B.; Lacerda, I.C.A. Chemical Profile of Eugenia brasiliensis (Grumixama) Pulp by PS/MS Paper Spray and SPME-GC/MS Solid-Phase Microextraction. Res. Soc. Dev. 2020, 9, e318974008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Correia, V.T.V.; Silva, V.D.M.; Mendonça, H.O.P.; Ramos, A.L.C.C.; Silva, M.R.; Augusti, R.; de Paula, A.C.C.F.F.; Ferreira, R.M.S.B.; Melo, J.O.F.; Fante, C.A. Efficiency of Different Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plinia cauliflora and Syzygium cumini Fruits as Evaluated by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023, 28, 2359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ramos, A.L.C.C.; Minighin, E.C.; Soares, I.I.C.; Ferreira, B.d.S.; de Sousa, I.M.N.; Augusti, R.; Labanca, R.A.; de Araújo, R.L.B.; Melo, J.O.F. Evaluation of the Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidative Capacity, and Chemical Fingerprint of Annona crassiflora Mart. Bioaccessible Molecules. Food Res. Int. 2023, 165, 112514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Minighin, E.C.; de Souza, K.F.; Valenzuela, V.d.C.T.; de Oliveira Couto e Silva, N.; Anastácio, L.R.; Labanca, R.A. Effect of in Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Mineral Content, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity of Commercial Pulps of Purple and White Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). J. Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 57, 1740–1752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Figueiredo, Y.G.; Bueno, F.C.; de Oliveira Júnior, A.H.; do Carmo Mazzinghy, A.C.; Mendonça, H.D.O.P.; de Oliveira, A.F.; de Melo, A.C.; Reina, L.D.C.B.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J.O.F. Profile of the Volatile Organic Compounds of Pink Pepper and Black Pepper. Sci. Electron. Arch. 2021, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Ramos, A.L.C.C.; Silva, M.R.; Mendonça, H.D.O.P.; do Carmo Mazzinghy, A.C.; Silva, V.D.M.; Botelho, B.G.; Augusti, R.; Ferreira, R.M.D.S.B.; de Sousa, I.M.N.; Batista-Santos, P.; et al. Use of Pulp, Peel, and Seed of Annona crassiflora Mart. in Elaborating Extracts for Fingerprint Analysis Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Food Res. Int. 2022, 160, 111687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. García, Y.M.; Ramos, A.L.C.C.; de Oliveira Júnior, A.H.; de Paula, A.C.C.F.F.; de Melo, A.C.; Andrino, M.A.; Silva, M.R.; Augusti, R.; de Araújo, R.L.B.; de Lemos, E.E.P.; et al. Physicochemical Characterization and Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Myrciaria floribunda (H. West Ex Willd.) O. Berg Accessions. Molecules 2021, 26, 7206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Silva, M.; Freitas, L.; Mendonça, H.; Souza, A.; Pereira, H.; Augusti, R.; Lacerda, I.; Melo, J.; Araújo, R. Determination of Chemical Profile of Eugenia dysenterica Ice Cream Using PS-MS AND HS-SPME/GC-MS. Quim. Nova 2021, 44, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Marseglia, A.; Musci, M.; Rinaldi, M.; Palla, G.; Caligiani, A. Volatile fingerprint of unroasted and roasted cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) from different geographical origins. Food Res. Int. 2020, 132, 109101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Tuenter, E.; Delbaere, C.; De Winne, A.; Bijttebier, S.; Custers, D.; Foubert, K.; Pieters, L. Non-volatile and volatile composition of West African bulk and Ecuadorian fine-flavor cocoa liquor and chocolate. Food Res. Int. 2020, 130, 108943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Rojas, E.O.; Rúales, F.H.; Perdomo, D.A.; Jimenez Mora, J.P. Avaliação do método de extração SPME-GC-MS para a análise de compostos orgânicos voláteis em licor de cacau do Nariño-Colômbia. Rev. ION 2022, 35, 103–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Greño, M.; Plaza, M.; Marina, M.L.; Puyana, M.C. Untargeted HPLC-MS-based metabolomics approach to reveal cocoa powder adulterations. Food Chem. 2023, 402, 134209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Lavorgna, M.; Pacifico, S.; Nugnes, R.; Russo, C.; Orlo, E.; Piccolella, S.; Isidori, M. Theobroma cacao criollo var. Beans: Biological properties and chemical profile. Foods 2021, 10, 571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Patras, M.A.; Milev, B.P.; Vrancken, G.; Kuhnert, N. Identification of novel cocoa flavonoids from raw fermented cocoa beans by HPLC–MSn. Food Res. Int. 2014, 63, 353–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Guillén-Casla, V.; Rosales-Conrado, N.; León-González, M.E.; Pérez-Arribas, L.V.; Polo-Díez, L. Determination of serotonin and its precursors in chocolate samples by capillary liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. J. Chromatograp. 2012, 1232, 158–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Da Rosa, H.S.; de Camargo, V.B.; Camargo, G.; Garcia, C.V.; Fuentefria, A.M.; Mendez, A.S. Ecdysteroids in Sida tuberculata R.E. Fries (Malvaceae): Chemical composition by LC-ESI-MS and selective anti-Candida krusei activity. Food Chem. 2015, 182, 193–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Ortega, N.; Romero, M.P.; Macià, A.; Reguant, J.; Anglès, N.; Morelló, J.R.; Motilva, M.J. Obtention and characterization of phenolic extracts from different cocoa sources. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 9621–9627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Calderon, A.I.; Wright, B.J.; Hurst, W.J.; Van Breemen, R.B. Screening antioxidants using LC-MS: Case study with cocoa. J. Ag. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 5693–5699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Sánchez-Rabaneda, F.; Jáuregui, O.; Casals, I.; Andrés-Lacueva, C.; Izquierdo-Pulido, M.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of the phenolic composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao). J. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 38, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Waehrens, S.S.; Zhang, S.; Hedelund, P.I.; Petersen, M.A.; Byrne, D.V. Application of the fast sensory method ‘Rate-All-That-Apply’ in chocolate Quality Control compared with DHS-GC-MS. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 51, 1877–1887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Kouassi, A.D.D.; Koné, K.M.; Assi-Clair, B.J.; Lebrun, M.; Maraval, I.; Boulanger, R.; Fontana, A.; Guehi, T.S. Effect of spontaneous fermentation location on the fingerprint of volatile compound precursors of cocoa and the sensory perceptions of the end-chocolate. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2022, 59, 4466–4478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ascrizzi, R.; Flamini, G.; Tessieri, C.; Pistelli, L. From the raw seed to chocolate: Volatile profile of Blanco de Criollo in different phases of the processing chain. Microchem. J. 2017, 133, 474–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Chagas Junior GC, A.; Ferreira, N.R.; Andrade EH, D.A.; Nascimento LD, D.; Siqueira FC, D.; Lopes, A.S. Profile of volatile compounds of on-farm fermented and dried cocoa beans inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae KY794742 and Pichia kudriavzevii KY794725. Molecules 2021, 26, 344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Rodriguez-Campos, J.; Escalona-Buendía, H.B.; Orozco-Avila, I.; Lugo-Cervantes, E.; Jaramillo-Flores, M.E. Dynamics of volatile and non-volatile compounds in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) during fermentation and drying processes using principal components analysis. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 250–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Calva-Estrada, S.J.; Utrilla-Vázquez, M.; Vallejo-Cardona, A.; Roblero-Pérez, D.B.; Lugo-Cervantes, E. Thermal properties and volatile compounds profile of commercial dark-chocolates from different genotypes of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) from Latin America. Food Res. Int. 2020, 136, 109594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Hamdouche, Y.; Meile, J.C.; Lebrun, M.; Guehi, T.; Boulanger, R.; Teyssier, C.; Montet, D. Impacto da viragem, armazenamento da vagem e tempo de fermentação na ecologia microbiana e na composição volátil dos grãos de cacau. Food Res. Int. 2019, 119, 477–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Valle-Epquinalle, M.G. O processo de torrefação e o local de cultivo influenciam a impressão digital volátil do cacau crioulo do Amazonas, Peru. Agric. Sci. 2020, 11, 599–610. [Google Scholar]
  57. Ramos-Escudero, F.; Casimiro-Gonzales, S.; Fernández-Prior, Á.; Chávez, K.C.; Gómez-Mendoza, J.; de la Fuente-Carmelino, L.; Muñoz, A.M. Colour, fatty acids, bioactive compounds, and total antioxidant capacity in commercial cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). LWT 2021, 147, 111629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Melo, C.W.B.D.; Bandeira, M.D.J.; Maciel, L.F.; Bispo, E.D.S.; Souza, C.O.D.; Soares, S.E. Chemical composition and fatty acids profile of chocolates produced with different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivars. Food Sci. Tec. 2020, 40, 326–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Nagy, K.; Tiuca, I.D. Importance of fatty acids in physiopathology of human body. In Fatty Acids; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Jokić, S.; Gagić, T.; Knez, Ž.; Šubarić, D.; Škerget, M. Separation of active compounds from food by-product (cocoa shell) using subcritical water extraction. Molecules 2018, 23, 1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Wang, L.; Nägele, T.; Doerfler, H.; Fragner, L.; Chaturvedi, P.; Nukarinen, E.; Weckwerth, W. System level analysis of cacao seed ripening reveals a sequential interplay of primary and secondary metabolism leading to polyphenol accumulation and preparation of stress resistance. TPJ. 2016, 87, 318–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Sezini, A.M.; do Coutto Gil, C.S.G. Nutrientes e depressão. Vita Sanitas 2014, 8, 39–57. [Google Scholar]
  63. De Barros, A.R.; Ferreira, F.C.R.G.; Ferreira, J.P.; de Azevedo Pacheco, P.M.; dos Santos Ambrosoli, S.; Pinheiro, A.M.D.S.G. Chocolate e emoções: A relação entre o consumo de chocolate teor 70% cacau e ansiedade. RECIMA 2022, 3, e3122419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Seem, S.A.; Yuan, Y.V.; Tou, J.C. Chocolate and chocolate constituents influence bone health and osteoporosis risk. Nutrition 2019, 65, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  65. Murphy, K.J.; Walker, K.M.; Dyer, K.A.; Bryan, J. Estimation of daily intake of flavonoids and major food sources in middle-aged Australian men and women. Nutr. Res. 2019, 61, 64–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Quiroz-Reyes, C.N.; Aguilar-Méndez, M.Á. Continuous ultrasound and pulsed ultrasound: Selective extraction tools to obtain enriched antioxidants extracts from cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.). Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2022, 80, 103095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Foods 13 01031 g001
Figure 1. Representation of the spectra of chocolate Sample 1 (A1) and Sample 2 (A2), for the positive ionization mode.
Figure 1. Representation of the spectra of chocolate Sample 1 (A1) and Sample 2 (A2), for the positive ionization mode.
Foods 13 01031 g001
Foods 13 01031 g002
Figure 2. Representation of the spectra of chocolate Sample 1 (A1) and Sample 2 (A2) for the negative ionization mode.
Figure 2. Representation of the spectra of chocolate Sample 1 (A1) and Sample 2 (A2) for the negative ionization mode.
Foods 13 01031 g002
Table 1. Volatile compounds found in 80% chocolate samples, using PDMS/DVB fiber through the SPME/CG-MS technique.
Table 1. Volatile compounds found in 80% chocolate samples, using PDMS/DVB fiber through the SPME/CG-MS technique.
N°CompoundFormulaCASSample 1(%)
Area		Sample 2(%)
Area		Reference
Fatty acid
19-octadecenoic acidC18H34O2112-79-8X1.72X5.70[38]
2Decanoic acidC10H20O2334-48-5ND X3.51[20]
33-hydroxydecanoic acidC12H24O31883-13-2ND X0.73[20]
4Dodecanoic acidC12H24O2143-07-7ND X0.65[20]
5Cyclopropanetetradecanoic acidC26H50O227198-62-5X1.19ND [20]
6Eicosanoic acidC20H40O2506-30-9X0.79ND [20]
7Oleic acidC18H34O2112-80-1X4.46ND [20]
8Hexadecanoic acid ethyl esterC18H36NO2658-97-7ND X10.61[20]
Organic acid
9Acetic acidC2H4O264-19-7X25.68X39.23-
10Benzene acetic acidC8H8O2103-82-2X12.33X3.58-
11Benzoic acidC7H6O265-85-0X4.35X1.50-
123-methyl-butanoic acidC5H10O2503-74-2X3.38ND -
13Nonanoic acidC9H18O2112-05-0X2.24X4.43-
14Phthalic acidC8H6O488-99-3X3.03ND -
15Propanoic acidC3H6O279-09-4X0.77X0.68-
Alcohol
161-hexanol-2-ethylC8H18O104-76-7X0.86ND [20]
17Butane-2,3-diol C4H10O2513-85-9X7.94X4.95[20]
182-dodecanolC12H26O10203-28-8X1.95ND [20]
19Phenylethyl alcoholC8H10O60-12-8X1.84X1.00[20]
Aldehyde
205-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenalC13H16O21834-92-4ND X0.61[38]
21Benzene acetaldehydeC8H8O122-78-1X1.19ND [38]
22BenzaldehydeC7H6O100-52-7ND X1.52[38]
23NonanalC9H18O124-19-6X13.16X13.89[38]
243-methyl hexanalC7H14O19269-28-4ND X0.94[38]
Ketone
25AcetoinC4H8O2513-86-0X1.35ND [20]
26EthanoneC2H2O X1.66X0.62[20]
Benzoic acid derivatives
271-2-4-enzenetricarboxylic acidC9H6O6528-44-9X1.27ND [38]
282-5-dihydroxybenzaldehydeC7H6O31194-98-5X0.65ND [38]
Ester
29Acetic acid-2-phenylethyl-esterC10H12O2103-45-7X2.68X1.30[39]
30Hexadecanoic acid methyl esterC17H34O2112-39-0ND X0.98[39]
Phenylpropanoid
31N-benzyl-2-aminociannamateC17H17NO218429-69-1X2.20ND -
Pyrazine
32Pyrazine tetramethylC8H12N21124-11-4X0.91ND [40]
33PyrazineC4H4N2290-37-9ND X3.58[40]
Others
344H-pyran-4-2-3 dihydro 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methylC5H6O228564-83-2X1.93ND -
353H-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-C10H10N2O89-25-8X0.48ND -
X = Compound identified; ND = Not identified.
Table 2. Proposed assignments for ions detected in chocolate samples by PS-MS.
Table 2. Proposed assignments for ions detected in chocolate samples by PS-MS.
N°Identification
Attempt		m/zMS/MSIDSample 1Sample 2Reference
Fatty acids
1Hydroxy octadecenedioic327171, 211, 229[M–H]−NDX[41]
Sugar
2Disaccharide341341, 236, 198[M–H]−NDX[42]
3Glucose179161, 113, 89[M–H]−NDX[43]
4Hexitol181181, 113, 101[M–H]−XND[42]
5β-D-xylopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-D-fucose441-[M–H]−NDX[42]
Amino acids and derivaties
6l-tryptophan205146, 188, 184[M+H]+NDX[44]
7Serotonin149132, 136, 118[M+H]+XX[44]
Benzoic acid derivatives
8Vanillic acid diglucoside461353, 353, 123[M–H]−NDX[4]
920-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-d-xylose579-[M+H]+XX[45]
Phenylpropanoid
10Caffeoyl tyrosine354342, 298, 256[M–H]−NDX[43]
11Dideoxyclovamide342147, 119, 120[M–H]−NDX[43]
12Epigallocatechin305289, 151, 169[M–H]−NDX[46,47]
1312-hydroxy-jasmonic acid225-[M–H]−NDX[41]
Flavonoids
14Apigenin-7-O-glucoside578577, 269[M–H]−XND[48]
15Apigenin-8-C-glucoside432431, 341, 311[M–H]−NDX[48]
16Dimethyl-O-EC-EC-ECG trimer909-[M–H]−NDX[48]
17Dimethyl-O-EC-ECG dimer621-[M–H]−NDX[48]
18Naringenin-7-O-neohesperidoside580579, 459, 271[M–H]−XND[48]
19Quercetin-3-O-arabinoside433383, 301, 139 [M–H]−NDX[4]
20Quercetin-3-O-galactoside464463, 301[M–H]−NDX[48]
21Quercetina-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosside463107, 121, 151[M–H]−NDX[48]
Tannins and precursors
22Procyanidin A-type pentamer arabinoside785591, 547, 439[M–H]−XND[43]
23Procyanidin 2A-type trimer861575, 425, 289 [M–H]−XX[48]
24Procyanidin A hexoside; 737611, 585, 539[M–H]−NDX[48]
25Procyanidin A pentoside707581, 539, 449[M–H]−XX[48]
26Procyanidin A-type pentamer719-[M–H]−NDX[4]
27Procyanidin A-type tetramer arabinoside641-[M–H]−NDX[48]
28Procyanidin A-type tetramer hexoside656-[M–H]−NDX[48]
29Procyanidin A-type trimer865739, 713, 695[M–H]−NDX[48]
30Procyanidin B dimer577425, 407, 289[M–H]−NDX[48]
31Procyanidin A-type hexamer864- [M–H]+XND[43]
32Procyanidin A-type trimer863-[M–H]−XND[43]
33Dimethyl-O-procyanidin B trime893-[M–H]−XND[4]
34Procyanidin A-type hexamer arabinoside929739, 713, 695[M–H]−XND[4]
35Procyanidin trimer944695, 577, 425[M–H]−XND[4]
Terpenoids
36Soyasaponin B I941615, 733, 879[M–H]−XX[41]
37Soyasaponin B II911695, 577, 425[M–H]−XND[41]
X = Compound identified; ND = Not identified.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

do Carmo Mazzinghy, A.C.; Silva, V.D.M.; Ramos, A.L.C.C.; de Oliveira, C.P.; de Oliveira, G.B.; Augusti, R.; de Araújo, R.L.B.; Melo, J.O.F. Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates. Foods 2024, 13, 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071031

AMA Style

do Carmo Mazzinghy AC, Silva VDM, Ramos ALCC, de Oliveira CP, de Oliveira GB, Augusti R, de Araújo RLB, Melo JOF. Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates. Foods. 2024; 13(7):1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071031

Chicago/Turabian Style

do Carmo Mazzinghy, Ana Carolina, Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva, Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos, Carla Patrícia de Oliveira, Gabriel Barbosa de Oliveira, Rodinei Augusti, Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo, and Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo. 2024. "Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates" Foods 13, no. 7: 1031. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071031

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop