Content Analysis of Food Safety Information in Apple-Drying Recipes from YouTube, Blogs, Cookbooks, and Extension Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Blog Selection
2.2. Video Selection
2.3. Cookbook Selection
2.4. University Extension Source Selection
2.5. Further Exclusion Process
2.6. Coding System
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pre-Drying Steps
3.2. Apple-Drying Process
3.3. Storage and Usage of Dried Apples
3.4. Handwashing and Cross-Contamination
3.5. Food Safety Information in Different Recipe Sources
3.6. Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Blogs (n = 112) | Videos (n = 97) | Cookbooks (n= 20) | Extensions (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |
Apple-washing method | ||||||||
No mention | 48 | (54) | 75 | (73) | 35 | (7) | 18 | (4) |
“Wash” or “clean” without method | 38 | (42) | 7 | (7) | 60 | (12) | 68 | (15) |
Rinse under running water | 5 | (6) | 15 | (15) | 5 | (1) | 14 | (3) |
Soap and water | 2 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 10 | (2) | 0 | (0) |
Homemade soak | 1 | (1) | 1 | (1) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Vinegar rub | 1 | (1) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Soak in water | 0 | (0) | 3 | (3) | 5 | (1) | 0 | (0) |
Apple slice thickness | ||||||||
No measurement given | 28 | (31) | 79 | (77) | 20 | (4) | 18 | (4) |
Less than ¼ inch | 32 | (36) | 10 | (10) | 20 | (4) | 50 | (11) |
¼ inch–½ inch | 39 | (44) | 10 | (10) | 65 | (13) | 55 | (12) |
More than ½ inch | 2 | (2) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Blogs (n = 112) | Videos (n = 97) | Cookbooks (n = 20) | Extensions (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |
Pre-treatment method | ||||||||
Acidic solution | 64 | (72) | 45 | (44) | 75 | (15) | 82 | (27) |
Lemon juice | 61 | (68) | 41 | (40) | 55 | (11) | 27 | (6) |
Citric acid | 13 | (15) | 10 | (10) | 15 | (3) | 27 | (6) |
Ascorbic acid | 11 | (12) | 2 | (2) | 45 | (9) | 82 | (18) |
Other fruit juice | 4 | (5) | 2 | (2) | 30 | (6) | 5 | (1) |
Pre-dry with kitchen or paper towel | 24 | (27) | 11 | (11) | 10 | (2) | 5 | (1) |
Salt water | 6 | (7) | 9 | (9) | 0 | (0) | 18 | (4) |
Vinegar | 5 | (6) | 6 | (6) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Syrup or honey dip | 5 | (5) | 2 | (2) | 10 | (2) | 27 | (6) |
Blanch in syrup or water | 5 | (5) | 5 | (5) | 10 | (2) | 32 | (7) |
Sulfite solution | 2 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 10 | (2) | 55 | (12) |
Reason for pre-treatment | ||||||||
Anti-browning | 54 | (61) | 37 | (36) | 75 | (15) | 91 | (20) |
Flavor | 10 | (11) | 3 | (3) | 10 | (2) | 14 | (3) |
Texture | 5 | (6) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (1) |
Reduce moisture | 4 | (5) | 2 | (2) | 5 | (1) | 0 | (0) |
Antimicrobial | 4 | (4) | 0 | (0) | 15 | (3) | 27 | (6) |
Nutrition retention | 4 | (4) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (1) | 18 | (4) |
Blogs (n = 112) | Videos (n = 97) | Cookbooks (n = 20) | Extensions (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |
Drying method | ||||||||
Oven | 79 | (88) | 32 | (31) | 40 | (8) | 82 | (18) |
Dehydrator | 54 | (60) | 46 | (46) | 70 | (14) | 86 | (19) |
Sun-drying | 13 | (15) | 11 | (11) | 35 | (7) | 59 | (13) |
Indoor air drying | 10 | (11) | 14 | (14) | 10 | (2) | 9 | (2) |
Microwave | 4 | (4) | 2 | (2) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Air fryer | 3 | (3) | 4 | (4) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Freeze dryer | 0 | (0) | 7 | (7) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (1) |
Pan | 0 | (0) | 2 | (2) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Freezer | 0 | (0) | 1 | (1) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Doneness check | ||||||||
Textural endpoint | 71 | (79) | 23 | (22) | 90 | (18) | 86 | (19) |
Dryness endpoint | 38 | (42) | 5 | (5) | 35 | (7) | 68 | (15) |
Color endpoint | 3 | (3) | 3 | (3) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (1) |
No method | 63 | (70) | 85 | (82) | 75 | (15) | 55 | (12) |
Touch inspection method | 30 | (34) | 7 | (7) | 15 | (3) | 46 | (10) |
Visual inspection method | 11 | (12) | 2 | (2) | 5 | (1) | 23 | (5) |
Bend or snap method | 6 | (7) | 7 | (7) | 15 | (3) | 18 | (4) |
Taste method | 2 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 5 | (1) | 0 | (0) |
Blogs (n = 112) | Videos (n = 97) | Cookbooks (n = 20) | Extensions (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |
Storage location | ||||||||
Cool, dry, dark place | 15 | (17) | 5 | (5) | 20 | (4) | 82 | (18) |
Freezer | 13 | (15) | 8 | (8) | 5 | (1) | 23 | (5) |
Refrigerator | 4 | (5) | 4 | (4) | 0 | (0) | 14 | (3) |
Room temperature | 4 | (4) | 9 | (9) | 10 | (2) | 9 | (2) |
Packaging type | ||||||||
Airtight packaging | 41 | (46) | 12 | (12) | 35 | (7) | 14 | (3) |
Jar | 20 | (22) | 23 | (22) | 15 | (3) | 68 | (15) |
Plastic bag | 11 | (12) | 22 | (21) | 15 | (3) | 64 | (14) |
Vacuum-sealed packaging | 8 | (9) | 6 | (6) | 10 | (2) | 9 | (2) |
Freezer-weight bags | 3 | (3) | 1 | (1) | 5 | (1) | 36 | (8) |
Open bowl/container | 0 | (0) | 4 | (4) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) |
Dried-apple usage | ||||||||
Without heat step | 57 | (64) | 38 | (37) | 55 | (11) | 45 | (10) |
On its own | 54 | (61) | 35 | (34) | 50 | (10) | 36 | (8) |
As a topping (e.g., on cereal, oatmeal) | 17 | (19) | 8 | (8) | 10 | (2) | 18 | (4) |
In a dry mix (e.g., granola or trail mix) | 16 | (18) | 4 | (4) | 20 | (4) | 14 | (3) |
In cold drinks | 1 | (1) | 1 | (1) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (1) |
With heat step | 16 | (18) | 15 | (15) | 60 | (12) | 59 | (13) |
Baked or cooked recipe | 15 | (17) | 11 | (11) | 50 | (10) | 36 | (8) |
Rehydrated | 5 | (6) | 7 | (7) | 30 | (6) | 50 | (11) |
In hot drinks | 3 | (3) | 3 | (3) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (1) |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Low, M.; Feng, Y. Content Analysis of Food Safety Information in Apple-Drying Recipes from YouTube, Blogs, Cookbooks, and Extension Materials. Foods 2024, 13, 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050778
Low M, Feng Y. Content Analysis of Food Safety Information in Apple-Drying Recipes from YouTube, Blogs, Cookbooks, and Extension Materials. Foods. 2024; 13(5):778. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050778
Chicago/Turabian StyleLow, Megan, and Yaohua Feng. 2024. "Content Analysis of Food Safety Information in Apple-Drying Recipes from YouTube, Blogs, Cookbooks, and Extension Materials" Foods 13, no. 5: 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13050778