Short-Term Effects of PJE Administration on Metabolic Parameters in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Extraction
2.1.2. HPLC Analysis
2.1.3. Cell Culture
2.1.4. Cell Viability Assay
2.1.5. Animals
2.1.6. In Vivo DIO Mice Model and Treatment Groups
2.1.7. Liver and Fat Tissue Histology
2.1.8. Biochemical Analysis
2.1.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PJE Contains Polyphenolic Compounds
3.2. Effect of PJE on Cell Viability in 3T3-L1
3.3. Effect of PJE on Body Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency of DIO Mice Model
3.4. Effect of PJE on the Weight of Liver, Kidney, Spleen, and Fat Tissues
3.5. Effect of PJE on Hepatic Fat in DIO Mice Model
3.6. Effect of PJE on Serum Biochemical Parameters
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Composition | Control | Model | PJE500 | PJE1000 | Fenofibrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (w/w) | |||||
Nitrogen-free extract | 59.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 |
Fat | 4.5 | 34.9 | 34.9 | 34.9 | 34.9 |
Protein | 20.1 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 |
Fiber | 4.6 | − | − | − | − |
Ash | 5.8 | − | − | − | − |
Mineral mixture | 3.5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Vitamin mixture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PJE500 | − | − | 0.5 | − | − |
PJE1000 | − | − | − | 1 | − |
Fenofibrate | − | − | − | − | 0.2 |
Protein calories (%) | 21.0 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 18.1 |
Fat calories (%) | 13.7 | 61.6 | 61.6 | 61.6 | 61.6 |
Carbohydrates calories (%) | 65.3 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 20.3 |
Energy (kcal/g) | 4.04 | 4.65 | 4.79 | 4.92 | 4.65 |
Peak no. | RT (min) | Compounds | PJE |
---|---|---|---|
Concentration (μg/g, dw) | |||
1 | 3.762 | Gallic acid | 34.05 ± 0.61 |
2 | 4.797 | Neochlorogenic acid | − |
3 | 5.849 | Protocatechuic acid | 4.31 ± 0.05 |
4 | 6.981 | Chlorogenic acid | 20.14 ± 0.16 |
5 | 9.119 | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 60.32 ± 0.81 |
6 | 10.114 | Caffeic acid | 15.84 ± 0.12 |
7 | 11.104 | 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 0.57 ± 0.01 |
8 | 14.595 | Rutin | 9.10 ± 0.33 |
9 | 15.049 | p-Coumaric acid | 2.27 ± 0.04 |
10 | 15.594 | Quercetin 3-β-galactoside | − |
11 | 16.531 | Ferulic acid | 34.43 ± 0.53 |
12 | 17.859 | Taxifolin | − |
13 | 18.141 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 18.18 ± 0.37 |
14 | 18.322 | trans-m-Coumaricacid | − |
15 | 19.495 | Quercetin 3-α-L-rhamnoside | − |
16 | 19.762 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 4.19 ± 0.072 |
17 | 21.381 | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 3.95 ± 0.02 |
18 | 22.511 | Rosmarinic acid | − |
19 | 23.096 | Myrcetin | − |
20 | 29.969 | Luteolin | − |
21 | 30.404 | Quercetin | 15.23 ± 0.11 |
22 | 31.119 | trans-Cinnamic acid | − |
23 | 35.751 | Apigenin | 1.59 ± 0.02 |
24 | 37.437 | Kaempferol | 83.88 ± 1.04 |
Parameters | Control | Model | PJE500 | PJE1000 | Fenofibrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | 2.43 ± 0.04 | 3.41 ± 0.19 # | 2.32 ± 0.12 ** | 2.29 ± 0.75 ** | 2.10 ± 0.15 ** |
Kidney | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.04 |
Spleen | 0.123 ± 0.006 | 0.143 ± 0.009 | 0.129 ± 0.014 | 0.131 ± 0.016 | 0.121 ± 0.012 |
Epididymal fat | 0.58 ± 0.09 | 1.85 ± 0.15 # | 1.35 ± 0.17 * | 1.28 ± 0.25 * | 1.52 ± 0.11 |
Perirenal fat | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 # | 0.16 ± 0.01 * | 0.14 ± 0.02 ** | 0.18 ± 0.01 |
Mesenteric fat | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.04 # | 0.31 ± 0.01 * | 0.30 ± 0.02 * | 0.35 ± 0.02 ** |
Parameters | Control | Model | PJE500 | PJE1000 | Fenofibrate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | 98.3 ± 3.5 | 161.0 ± 10.2 # | 137.2 ± 3.4 ** | 131.9 ± 4.1 ** | 110.3 ± 6.7 ** |
TG | 85.1 ± 2.2 | 557.3 ± 26.3 # | 273.6 ± 12.8 ** | 255.7 ± 37.3 ** | 162.8 ± 5.0 ** |
HDL | 108.0 ± 4.4 | 149.2 ± 1.0 # | 143.8 ± 5.1 | 147.6 ± 4.6 * | 135.1 ± 6.5 ** |
LDL | 7.3 ± 6.5 | 123.3 ± 10.2 # | 48.1 ± 7.4 ** | 35.4 ± 13.5 ** | 7.76 ± 2.5 ** |
VLDL | 17.0 ± 0.4 | 111.5 ± 5.3 # | 54.7 ± 2.6 ** | 51.1 ± 7.5 ** | 32.6 ± 1.0 ** |
Glucose | 204.4 ± 8.7 | 241.6 ± 6.1 # | 224.3 ± 5.9 | 216.1 ± 7.8 * | 190.3 ± 9.2 ** |
Insulin | 0.045 ± 0.013 | 0.179 ± 0.022 # | 0.093 ± 0.08 ** | 0.055 ± 0.012 ** | 0.037 ± 0.011 ** |
HOMA-IR | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 1.92 ± 0.05 # | 0.93 ± 0.01 ** | 0.53 ± 0.03 ** | 0.31 ± 0.02 ** |
TP | 5.10 ± 0.25 | 5.23 ± 0.33 | 5.25 ± 0.38 | 5.32 ± 0.31 | 5.15 ± 0.25 |
AI | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 3.74 ± 0.11 # | 1.90 ± 0.06 ** | 1.73 ± 0.05 ** | 1.21 ± 0.04 ** |
AC | −0.090 ± −0.003 | 0.079 ± 0.002 # | −0.046 ± −0.001 ** | −0.106 ± −0.003 ** | −0.184 ± −0.006 ** |
CRR | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 1.08 ± 0.03 # | 0.95 ± 0.03 ** | 0.89 ± 0.03 ** | 0.82 ± 0.02 ** |
CAI | 0.068 ± 0.002 | 0.826 ± 0.025 # | 0.335 ± 0.01 ** | 0.240 ± 0.007 ** | 0.057 ± 0.002 ** |
Leptin | 5.06 ± 0.41 | 11.97 ± 1.15 # | 9.84 ± 0.72 * | 9.11 ± 0.84 ** | 9.52 ± 0.59 * |
Adiponectin | 5.87 ± 0.13 | 4.95 ± 0.30 # | 5.07 ± 0.25 | 5.52 ± 0.12 * | 5.59 ± 0.17 * |
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Choi, J.-H.; Kim, K.-M.; Park, S.-E.; Kim, M.-K.; Kim, S. Short-Term Effects of PJE Administration on Metabolic Parameters in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. Foods 2023, 12, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081675
Choi J-H, Kim K-M, Park S-E, Kim M-K, Kim S. Short-Term Effects of PJE Administration on Metabolic Parameters in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. Foods. 2023; 12(8):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081675
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Jun-Hui, Ki-Man Kim, Se-Eun Park, Myung-Kon Kim, and Seung Kim. 2023. "Short-Term Effects of PJE Administration on Metabolic Parameters in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice" Foods 12, no. 8: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081675