Leafy Vegetable Nitrite and Nitrate Content: Potential Health Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Chemicals and Working Standard Solutions
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Method
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Nitrate Results
3.2. Nitrite Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | No. of Samples | Mean ± SD (mg kg−1) | Median (mg kg−1) | Concentration Range (mg kg−1) | Maximum Levels (mg kg−1) (Regulation 1258/2011) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvested 1.10.–30.3. | Harvested 1.04.–30.9. | |||||
Lettuce | 21 | 1035.3 ± 732.6 | 1020.1 | 169.7–3184.2 | 5000 (UC) 4000 (OA) | 4000 (UC) 3000 (OA) |
Swiss chard | 17 | 1913.6 ± 1126.6 | 2055.4 | 233.4–3558.4 | - | |
Rucola | 10 | 3041.4 ± 974.7 | 3073.2 | 1674.8–4526.3 | 7000 | 6000 |
Mixed salad | 11 | 548.0 ± 269.1 | 199.2 | 54.6–952.6 | - | |
Lamb’s lettuce | 7 | 1086.5 ± 703.5 | 1273.8 | 36.1–2175.5 | - | |
Spinach | 8 | 1056.5 ± 742.0 | 976.8 | 168.5–2350.9 | 3500 | |
Root vegetables | 15 | 178.8 ± 396.4 | 32.2 | <LOQ–1534.8 | - | |
Cabbage | 7 | 533.6 ± 406.0 | 484.1 | 13.5–1040.1 | - | |
Total | 96 |
Sample | Number of Samples | Mean ± SD (mg kg−1) | Median (mg kg−1) | Concentration Range (mg kg−1) | Concentration Range in Samples > LOQ (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lettuce | 21 | 27.7 ± 81.9 | 0.0 | <LOQ—378.1 | 21.1–378.1 |
Swiss chard | 17 | 20.7 ± 43.0 | 0.0 | <LOQ—167.0 | 4.1–167.0 |
Rucola | 10 | 61.9 ± 159.6 | 0.0 | <LOQ—537.9 | 2.7–537.9 |
Mixed salad | 11 | 37.5 ± 86.5 | 11.3 | <LOQ—308.6 | 11.3–308.6 |
Lamb’s lettuce | 7 | 5.1 ± 11.2 | 0.0 | <LOQ—32.5 | 3.3–32.5 |
Spinach | 8 | 71.6 ± 115.0 | 0.0 | <LOQ—327.1 | 53.6–327.1 |
Root vegetables | 15 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <LOQ | 0 |
Cabbage | 7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <LOQ | 0 |
Total | 96 |
No. of Samples with NO2 above the LOQ | % | Samples with Nitrite Concentrations above the LOQ (1 mg kg−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |||
Lettuce | 5 | 23.8 | nitrate nitrite | 764.0 | 262 | 747.7 | 1157.6 | 3184.2 | ||
98.9 | 55.9 | 378.1 | 28.4 | 21.1 | ||||||
Swiss chard | 7 | 41.2 | nitrate | 2408.3 | 3055.9 | 242.4 | 233.4 | 2661.3 | 3558.4 | 1571.0 |
nitrite | 30.4 | 57.6 | 167.0 | 6.1 | 80.4 | 5.8 | 4.1 | |||
Rucola | 4 | 40.0 | nitrate | 4427.6 | 2046.6 | 2262.4 | 4526.3 | |||
nitrite | 22.9 | 55.2 | 537.9 | 2.7 | ||||||
Mixed salads | 6 | 54.5 | nitrate | 653.8 | 952.6 | 54.6 | 577.9 | 908.2 | 882.3 | |
nitrite | 31.6 | 14.7 | 308.6 | 11.3 | 16.6 | 29.3 | ||||
Lamb’s lettuce | 2 | 28.6 | nitrate | 1647.6 | 1382.9 | |||||
nitrite | 3.3 | 32.5 | ||||||||
Spinach | 3 | 37.5 | nitrate | 2350.9 | 489.8 | 1006.2 | ||||
nitrite | 192.0 | 327.1 | 53.6 |
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Share and Cite
Luetic, S.; Knezovic, Z.; Jurcic, K.; Majic, Z.; Tripkovic, K.; Sutlovic, D. Leafy Vegetable Nitrite and Nitrate Content: Potential Health Effects. Foods 2023, 12, 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081655
Luetic S, Knezovic Z, Jurcic K, Majic Z, Tripkovic K, Sutlovic D. Leafy Vegetable Nitrite and Nitrate Content: Potential Health Effects. Foods. 2023; 12(8):1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081655
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuetic, Sanja, Zlatka Knezovic, Katarina Jurcic, Zrinka Majic, Ksenija Tripkovic, and Davorka Sutlovic. 2023. "Leafy Vegetable Nitrite and Nitrate Content: Potential Health Effects" Foods 12, no. 8: 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081655