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Volume 12
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10.3390/foods12234236
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Article

Effects of Daily Ingestion of Two SunGold Kiwifruit for 6 Weeks on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Randomized, Cross-Over, Exploratory Intervention Study

by
Suman Mishra
1,
Kerry Bentley-Hewitt
1,
Tony McGhie
1,
Karl Fraser
2,3,
Duncan Hedderley
1,
Sheridan Martell
1,
Hannah Dinnan
1 and
John Monro
1,3,*
1
The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
2
AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
3
Riddet Institute, University Avenue, Fitzherbert, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2023, 12(23), 4236; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234236
Submission received: 19 October 2023 / Revised: 21 November 2023 / Accepted: 22 November 2023 / Published: 23 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables - 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Kiwifruit contain many components, some considered beneficial, such as vitamins, phytochemicals and dietary fibre, and others potentially harmful, such as fructose and glucose in fruit sugars. In a 6-week, randomised, crossover study aimed at exploring the net effects of daily consumption of kiwifruit, 23 healthy participants consumed two Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘Zesy002’ (marketed as Zespri™ SunGold™ Kiwifruit) per day as part of their customary diet (intervention) or without kiwifruit (control) as their customary diet for 6 weeks in a cross-over study. Anthropometric data, venous blood, and urine samples were collected at the start and end of the 6-week intervention and control periods for the measurement of physical changes, plasma glucose, insulin, glycated haemoglobin, short-chain fatty acids, blood lipids, uric acid, inflammatory biomarkers, and urinary ascorbic acid. Variables were measured between the start and finish of interventions, and between intervention and control periods. Food diaries were completed on the 3 days before blood sampling to estimate dietary ascorbic acid and dietary fibre intakes. Despite urinary vitamin C and food diaries indicating compliance, and good precision in measurements, there were no appreciable changes in biomarkers during the study, either within or between intervention and control periods, that would indicate a change in health status. Thus, the sizes of any effects of kiwifruit ingestion were too small to become significant under the test conditions used, indicating a high probability that daily ingestion of two SunGold kiwifruit is safe with respect to metabolic health.
Keywords: kiwifruit; metabolic health; inflammation; vitamin C; plasma lipids; C-reactive protein; plasma short-chain fatty acids kiwifruit; metabolic health; inflammation; vitamin C; plasma lipids; C-reactive protein; plasma short-chain fatty acids

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mishra, S.; Bentley-Hewitt, K.; McGhie, T.; Fraser, K.; Hedderley, D.; Martell, S.; Dinnan, H.; Monro, J. Effects of Daily Ingestion of Two SunGold Kiwifruit for 6 Weeks on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Randomized, Cross-Over, Exploratory Intervention Study. Foods 2023, 12, 4236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234236

AMA Style

Mishra S, Bentley-Hewitt K, McGhie T, Fraser K, Hedderley D, Martell S, Dinnan H, Monro J. Effects of Daily Ingestion of Two SunGold Kiwifruit for 6 Weeks on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Randomized, Cross-Over, Exploratory Intervention Study. Foods. 2023; 12(23):4236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mishra, Suman, Kerry Bentley-Hewitt, Tony McGhie, Karl Fraser, Duncan Hedderley, Sheridan Martell, Hannah Dinnan, and John Monro. 2023. "Effects of Daily Ingestion of Two SunGold Kiwifruit for 6 Weeks on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Randomized, Cross-Over, Exploratory Intervention Study" Foods 12, no. 23: 4236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234236

APA Style

Mishra, S., Bentley-Hewitt, K., McGhie, T., Fraser, K., Hedderley, D., Martell, S., Dinnan, H., & Monro, J. (2023). Effects of Daily Ingestion of Two SunGold Kiwifruit for 6 Weeks on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Randomized, Cross-Over, Exploratory Intervention Study. Foods, 12(23), 4236. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234236

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