Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety: Recent Views and Future Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification and Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Antimicrobials
2.1. Polyphenols
2.1.1. Phenolic Acids
2.1.2. Stilbenes, Tannins, and Lignins
2.1.3. Flavonoids
2.2. Terpenes and Essential Oils
2.3. Glucosinolate Derivatives
2.4. Alkaloids and Thiols
2.5. Modes of Action
3. Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety
3.1. Plant Antimicrobials as Food Preservatives
3.1.1. Applications in Plant Foods
3.1.2. Applications in Animal-Based Foods
Food Matrix | Plant Antimicrobial | Concentration/Conditions | Antimicrobial Effect | Data from Ref.* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mandarins | Pomegranate peel extract | Dipping in 25 g L−1 extract for 2 min | Reduction of lesion diameter and infection rate (80–90%) caused by P. italicum and P. digitatum | [118] |
Fresh-cut lettuce | Pepper EO | 3–5 µL mL−1 addition in salad dressing | Reduction of P. fluorescens biomass by 30–40% | [129] |
Concentrated apple juice | Thymol, carvacrol | MIC of 0.1–0.16 mM, treatment time 9 days | Reduction of Z. rouxii load by 99% | [134] |
Pork burgers | Ethanolic extract of cranberry pomace | 2% extract-16 days of storage | Bacteriostatic effect on B. thermospacta and P. putida during cold storage | [140] |
Snakehead fillets | Grape seed extract | 0.52 mg GAE mL−1 for 20 min | Decrease of Aeromonas spp. abundance by 37% and reduction of 1 log cfu g−1 of total viable counts during cold storage | [146] |
Quark cheese | Arbutus unedo L. leaf extracts | 0.1 g 100 g−1 cheese, 8 days of cold storage | Reduction of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeasts by 2–3 log cfu g−1 | [150] |
3.2. Use of Plant Antimicrobials for Food Safety
3.2.1. Effect on Viability of Foodborne Pathogens
3.2.2. Effect on Biofilm-Producing Strains
3.2.3. Effect on Microbial Toxins
4. Stabilization Techniques
4.1. Nano-Emulsions
4.2. Spray-Drying and Encapsulation
4.2.1. Spray-Drying Process
4.2.2. Other Encapsulation Techniques of Plant Antimicrobials
4.2.3. Challenges Associated with Spray-Drying and Encapsulation Techniques
4.3. Active Packaging
5. Combining Effects and Hurdle Technologies
5.1. Additive or Synergistic Effects
5.2. Hurdle Technologies
6. Regulation and Safety Issues of Plant Extracts
6.1. Heavy Metals and Crop-Protection Residues
6.2. Mycotoxins
6.3. Regulation
7. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Antimicrobial | Spray Drying Inlet Temperature (°C) | Protective Matrix | Microbial Targets | Advantages | Disadvantages | Data from Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eugenol and thymol | 105 | Zein/casein | E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes Scott A | Good dispersion in water and good stability during storage | not reported | [223] |
Eugenol | 180 | Whey protein/maltodextrin/chitosan | E. coli, L. innocua | High encapsulation efficiency and thermal stability | Chitosan inclusion negatively affects thermal stability, releasing and antimicrobial properties of the powder | [224] |
Carvacrol | 100–190 | Pectin/sodium alginate | E. coli K12 | Better thermal stability | High inlet temperature affects dissolution time and hygroscopicity | [225] |
Oregano EO | 100 | Whey protein/maltodextrin | E. coli, S. aureus | Low residence time, high yield, low inlet temperature | Low throughput, extended processing hours, high production cost | [226] |
Green tea extract | 150 | Maltodextrin | - | High thermal stability and reduced weight loss | not reported | [227] |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Pinto, L.; Tapia-Rodríguez, M.R.; Baruzzi, F.; Ayala-Zavala, J.F. Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety: Recent Views and Future Challenges. Foods 2023, 12, 2315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122315
Pinto L, Tapia-Rodríguez MR, Baruzzi F, Ayala-Zavala JF. Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety: Recent Views and Future Challenges. Foods. 2023; 12(12):2315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122315
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Loris, Melvin R. Tapia-Rodríguez, Federico Baruzzi, and Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala. 2023. "Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety: Recent Views and Future Challenges" Foods 12, no. 12: 2315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122315
APA StylePinto, L., Tapia-Rodríguez, M. R., Baruzzi, F., & Ayala-Zavala, J. F. (2023). Plant Antimicrobials for Food Quality and Safety: Recent Views and Future Challenges. Foods, 12(12), 2315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122315