Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota Transition: Evidence on Advancing Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancers—A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Evolution of Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota System Transition
3.1. Food System 1 (Hunter-Gatherer)
3.2. Food System 2 (Neolithic Revolution)
3.3. Food System 3 (The Advent of Agriculture)
3.4. Food System 4 (Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution)
3.5. Food System 5
3.6. Food Systems 6 (The Birth of a New Food System)
3.7. The Dynamics of the Gut Microbiota System in Food System Transition
4. The Nexus of Food System and Gut Microbiota Transition in NCDs
4.1. Food System and Gut Microbiota Transition in Obesity
4.2. Food System and Gut Microbiota Transition in Cancer
4.3. Food System and Gut Microbiota Transition in Cardiovascular Disease
4.4. The Underlying Mechanisms of the Link between the Food System and the Gut Microbiota Transition in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer
Food Systems | Dietary Pattern | Impact on Gut Microbiota Diversity | Impact on Host | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food System 1 Hunter-gatherer (Palaeolithic diet) | Plant (fruits, roots, legumes, nuts, and other non-cereals) | ↑ Clostridium ↑ Bacteroides ↑ Verrucomicrobia ↑ Mollicutes ↑ Aeromonadaceae ↑ Oxalobacteraceae ↑ Methanomassiliicoccaceae ↑ Prevotella ↑ Catenibacterium ↑ Eubacterium ↑ Lachnospira ↑ Treponema ↑ Succinivibrio ↑ Treponema ↑ Eubacterium ↑ Blautia ↑ Dorea ↑ Eubacterium ↓ Firmicutes ↓ E. coli | ↓ Visceral fat ↓ Body mass ↓ Inflammation ↑ Promote gut barrier integrity via anti-tumorigenesis ↑ SCFA synthesis ↑ Insulin sensitivity ↓ Obesity ↓ Cancer ↓ Cardiovascular diseases | [24,56,107,248,249,250,251,252,253,254] |
Food System 2 (Neolithic revolution) | Agricultural diets, predominantly containing plant-based components with the presence of animal-based components | ↑ Prevotella ↓ Bacteroides ↑ C. clostridioforme ↑ Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ↑ Firmicutes ↑ Capnocytophaga endotelialis ↑ Capnocytophaga haemolytica ↑ Capnocytophaga ochracea ↑ Capnocytophaga sputigena ↑ Eikenella corrodens | Body mass Body fat ↑ Visceral fat ↑ Insulin sensitivity | [254,255] |
Food system 3 | Grains and carbohydrates. low in carbohydrates and rich in animal fats and proteins |
↓ Prevotella ↓ Akkermansia ↓ Muciniphila ↑ Proteobacteria ↑ Firmicutes ↓ Bacteroidetes ↑ Anaerotruncus genus ↑ Eisenbergiella ↑ Lachnospiraceae ↑ Campylobacter ↑ Flavonifractor ↑ Erysipelatoclostridium ↑ aecalibacterium ↑ Sutterella ↑ Clostridium ↓ Bifidobacterium ↓ Roseburia | Correlations with obesity Weight gain Cancer CVD ↓ Gut microbiome diversity ↓ SCFA synthesis ↑ Formation of nitrogen compounds | [225,248,249,250,254,256,257,258,259,260] |
Food System 4 and 5 | Western Diet | ↑ Firmicutes ↑ Enterobacteriaceae ↓ Actinobacteria ↓ Prevotella ↓ Akkermansia muciniphila ↓ Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ↓ Roseburia spp., ↓ Eubacterium hallii ↓ Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV ↓ Ruminococcus ↑ E. coli ↑ Alistipes ↑ Bilophila ↑ Bacteroides ↓ Roseburia ↓ Eubacterium rectale ↓ Ruminococcus bromii ↑ Acinetobacter ↑ Blautia ↑ Dorea ↑ Lactococcus ↑ Proteobacteria ↓ Bacteroidetes | ↑ Diabetes ↑ Allergies ↑ Cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders ↑ Dysbiosis ↑ Inflammation ↑ Obesity ↑ Inflammatory bowel disease Bacterial overgrowth associated with obesity ↑ Production of endogenous ethanol ↑ The risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ↑ Pro-inflammatory properties promoting metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation | [176,254,261,262,263,264,265] |
Food System 6 | Vegan diet Probiotics Prebiotic Fermented foods | ↑ All gut diversity | ↓ Inflammation Body mass maintenance | [254,266,267] |
5. Transformative Solution: Healthy Gut Microbiota Reversal Via Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems Transformation
Shreds of Evidence of Transformative Dietary Pattern Solutions
6. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elechi, J.O.G.; Sirianni, R.; Conforti, F.L.; Cione, E.; Pellegrino, M. Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota Transition: Evidence on Advancing Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancers—A Narrative Review. Foods 2023, 12, 2286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122286
Elechi JOG, Sirianni R, Conforti FL, Cione E, Pellegrino M. Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota Transition: Evidence on Advancing Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancers—A Narrative Review. Foods. 2023; 12(12):2286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122286
Chicago/Turabian StyleElechi, Jasper Okoro Godwin, Rosa Sirianni, Francesca Luisa Conforti, Erika Cione, and Michele Pellegrino. 2023. "Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota Transition: Evidence on Advancing Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancers—A Narrative Review" Foods 12, no. 12: 2286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122286
APA StyleElechi, J. O. G., Sirianni, R., Conforti, F. L., Cione, E., & Pellegrino, M. (2023). Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota Transition: Evidence on Advancing Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancers—A Narrative Review. Foods, 12(12), 2286. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12122286