Perception of Gluten-Free Bread as Influenced by Information and Health and Taste Attitudes of Millennials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phase 1: Health and Taste Attitudes of a Group of Millennial Consumers
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.1.1. Participants
2.1.2. Procedure
2.1.3. Statistical Analysis
2.2. Results
Reliability of the Health and Taste Attitudes Questionnaire
3. Phase 2: Acceptance of Bread Samples as Influenced by Health and Taste Attitudes
3.1. Materials and Methods
3.1.1. Participants
3.1.2. Products
3.1.3. Procedure
3.1.4. Statistical Analyses
3.2. Results
3.2.1. Liking of Sensory Properties of Bread Samples
3.2.2. Effect of Health and Taste Attitudes on Ratings of Bread
3.2.3. Reasons for Liking and Disliking the Sensory Properties of the Wheat and Gluten-Free Bread Samples
3.2.4. Perceived Characteristics of Bread Samples
4. Discussion
4.1. Hedonic Perception of Bread as Influenced by Information
4.2. Hedonic Rating of Bread as Influenced by HTA
4.3. Perceived Characteristics of Bread Samples
4.4. The Health and Taste Attitude Scale Performance in This Study
4.5. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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± σ | α | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | h2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Health Interest | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 0.83 | ||||||
1 | I am very particular about the healthiness of food | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.55 | 0.1 | 0.6 | ||
2 | I always follow a healthy and balanced diet | 0.38 | −0.09 | 0.68 | −0.06 | 0.62 | ||
3 | It is important for me that my diet is low in fat | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.36 | ||
4 | It is important for me that my daily diet contains a lot of vitamins and minerals | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.62 | 0 | 0.5 | ||
5R | I eat what I like, and I do not worry much about the healthiness of food | 0.73 | 0 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.62 | ||
6R | I do not avoid foods, even if they may raise my cholesterol | 0.68 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.54 | ||
7R | The healthiness of food has little impact on my food choices | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.54 | ||
8R | The healthiness of snacks makes no difference to me | 0.71 | 0 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.54 | ||
Light Product Interest | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 0.77 | ||||||
1R | In my opinion, the use of light products does not improve one’s health | 0.14 | 0.62 | −0.1 | 0.18 | 0.45 | ||
2R | I do not think that light products are healthier that conventional products | 0.14 | 0.66 | −0.1 | 0.16 | 0.49 | ||
3 | I believe that eating light products keeps one’s cholesterol level under control | −0.06 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.64 | ||
4R | In my opinion, light products don’t help to drop cholesterol levels | 0.01 | 0.68 | −0.03 | 0.18 | 0.5 | ||
5 | I believe that eating light products keeps one’s body in good shape | 0.09 | 0.72 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.53 | ||
6 | In my opinion, by eating light products, one can eat more without getting too many calories | −0.14 | 0.57 | 0.22 | −0.19 | 0.43 | ||
Natural Product Interest | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 0.74 | ||||||
1R | I do not care about additives in my daily diet I try to eat foods that do not contain additives | 0.35 | −0.08 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.56 | ||
2R | In my opinion, organically grown foods are not better for my health than those grown conventionally | 0.12 | 0.21 | −0.08 | 0.75 | 0.62 | ||
3R | In my opinion, artificially flavoured foods are not harmful for my health | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.75 | 0.6 | ||
4 | I try to eat foods that do not contain additives | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.64 | ||
5 | I would like to eat only organically grown vegetables | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.58 | 0.44 | ||
6 | I do not eat processed foods, because I do not know what they contain | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.71 | 0.19 | 0.55 | ||
Variance explained by each factor (%) | 25.58 | 14.68 | 7.54 | 6.08 | 53.88 |
± σ | α | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | h2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Craving for Sweet Foods | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 0.78 | |||||||
1R | In my opinion it is strange that some people have cravings for chocolate | 0.71 | 0.03 | 0.23 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.56 | ||
2R | In my opinion it is strange that some people have cravings for sweets | 0.76 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0 | −0.01 | 0.6 | ||
3R | In my opinion it is strange that some people have cravings for ice-cream | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.18 | −0.11 | 0.1 | 0.66 | ||
4 | I often have cravings for sweets | 0.55 | 0.36 | −0.28 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.61 | ||
5 | I often have cravings for chocolate | 0.58 | 0.42 | −0.11 | 0.27 | −0.06 | 0.6 | ||
6 | I often have cravings for ice-cream | 0.67 | 0.2 | −0.09 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.52 | ||
Using Food as a Reward | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 0.76 | |||||||
1 | I reward myself by buying something really tasty | 0.11 | 0.8 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.7 | ||
2 | I indulge myself by buying something really delicious | 0.15 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.65 | ||
3 | When I am feeling down I want to treat myself with something really delicious | 0.22 | 0.7 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.57 | ||
4R | I avoid rewarding myself with food | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.39 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.58 | ||
5R | In my opinion, comforting myself by eating is self-deception | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.58 | 0.24 | −0.14 | 0.43 | ||
6R | I try to avoid eating delicious food when I am feeling down | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.63 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.54 | ||
Pleasure | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 0.51 | |||||||
1R | I do not believe that food should always be a source of pleasure | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.57 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.42 | ||
2R | The appearance of food makes no difference to me | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.19 | −0.02 | 0.7 | 0.53 | ||
3 | It is important for me to eat delicious food on weekdays as well as weekends | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.33 | 0.75 | 0.04 | 0.69 | ||
4 | When I eat, I concentrate on enjoying the taste of food | −0.08 | 0.21 | −0.06 | 0.32 | 0.62 | 0.54 | ||
5R | I finish my meal even when I do not like the taste of a food | 0.07 | −0.1 | −0.11 | −0.01 | 0.7 | 0.52 | ||
6 | An essential part of my weekend is eating delicious food | −0.01 | 0.3 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.64 | ||
Percentage variance explained (%) | 24.98 | 11.37 | 8.37 | 6.82 | 5.94 | 57.48 |
p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DF | Error DF | Appearance | Aroma | Flavour | Texture | |
HTA group | 3 | 20 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Sample | 2 | 21 | 0.000 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Info | 1 | 22 | NS | 0 | NS | NS |
HTA group * Sample | 6 | 17 | 0.052 | NS | 0.037 | NS |
HTA group * Info | 3 | 20 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Sample * Info | 2 | 21 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
HTA group * Sample * Info | 6 | 17 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Appearance | Aroma | Flavour | Texture | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standard wheat bread | 3.9 a ± 1.1 | 4.0 a ± 1.0 | 4.1 a ± 1.1 | 3.9 a ± 1.3 |
Gluten-Free A (GFB) | 3.5 b ± 1.3 | 3.8 b ± 1.2 | 3.1 b ± 1.4 | 2.7 c ± 1.5 |
Gluten-Free B (GFB) | 3.6 b ± 1.3 | 2.8 c ± 1.4 | 3.0 b ± 1.4 | 3.2 b ± 1.4 |
Appearance | Aroma | Flavour | Texture | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HTHH * Standard | 3.8 abc | 3.9 | 3.9 b | 3.8 |
HTLH * Standard | 3.9 ab | 3.9 | 4.3 a | 3.9 |
LTHH * Standard | 4.1 a | 4.1 | 4.1 ab | 4.3 |
LTLH * Standard | 3.8 abc | 4 | 3.9 b | 3.6 bc |
HTHH * GFA | 3.7 abc | 3.8 | 3.3 c | 2.8 |
HTLH * GFA | 3.3 d | 3.7 | 2.9 cd | 2.7 |
LTHH * GFA | 3.6 bcd | 3.8 | 3.2 cd | 2.8 |
LTLH * GFA | 3.5 cd | 4.1 | 3.1 cd | 2.6 f |
HTHH * GFB | 3.6 bcd | 2.7 | 2.8 d | 3.1 |
HTLH * GFB | 3.5 cd | 3 | 2.9 d | 3 |
LTHH * GFB | 3.3 d | 2.7 | 2.9 cd | 3.2 |
LTLH * GFB | 3.8 abc | 3 | 3.2 cd | 3.3 |
p-value | 0.052 | 0.248 | 0.037 | 0.236 |
Characteristics | Gluten-Free (%) | Wheat Bread (%) |
---|---|---|
Healthy * | 75 | 32 |
For people with allergies * | 71 | 4 |
Contributes to weight loss * | 56 | 8 |
Foreign taste * | 55 | 3 |
Source of fiber * | 47 | 68 |
Natural * | 45 | 28 |
Organic * | 43 | 18 |
For people with coeliac disease * | 32 | 2 |
Filling * | 31 | 55 |
Bitter taste * | 25 | 3 |
Appealing * | 24 | 49 |
Processed * | 24 | 52 |
Tasty/delicious * | 23 | 62 |
Source of protein NS | 20 | 19 |
Made with flour from sustainable crops * | 17 | 31 |
Salty NS | 15 | 13 |
Sweet taste * | 13 | 36 |
Made with flour from indigenous crops NS | 13 | 17 |
Many options available * | 11 | 57 |
Easy to find * | 6 | 85 |
Convenient * | 5 | 74 |
Affordable * | 4 | 84 |
Leaves you feeling bloated * | 4 | 31 |
Source of fat * | 4 | 15 |
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Magano, N.; du Rand, G.; de Kock, H. Perception of Gluten-Free Bread as Influenced by Information and Health and Taste Attitudes of Millennials. Foods 2022, 11, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040491
Magano N, du Rand G, de Kock H. Perception of Gluten-Free Bread as Influenced by Information and Health and Taste Attitudes of Millennials. Foods. 2022; 11(4):491. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040491
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagano, Nomzamo, Gerrie du Rand, and Henriette de Kock. 2022. "Perception of Gluten-Free Bread as Influenced by Information and Health and Taste Attitudes of Millennials" Foods 11, no. 4: 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040491
APA StyleMagano, N., du Rand, G., & de Kock, H. (2022). Perception of Gluten-Free Bread as Influenced by Information and Health and Taste Attitudes of Millennials. Foods, 11(4), 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040491