Fattening in Saline and Alkaline Water Improves the Color, Nutritional and Taste Quality of Adult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Culture Management
2.3. Sample Collection and Dissection
2.4. Measurements of Color Parameters
2.5. Proximate Composition
2.6. Fatty Acid Profile
2.7. Free Amino Acid Analysis and Taste Activity Value
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gonadal Development and Total Edible Yield
3.2. Color Parameters
3.3. Proximate Composition
3.4. Fatty Acid Profiles
3.5. Free Amino Acid Composition and Taste Activity Value
4. Discussion
4.1. Total Edible Yield
4.2. Color Parameters and Biochemical Composition
4.3. Fatty Acid Composition
4.4. FAA Composition and TAV Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Female | Male | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | |
Hepatopancreas | ||||||
moisture | 59.50 ± 1.60 | 59.62 ± 3.39 | 61.04 ± 2.02 | 55.29 ± 0.66 | 50.34 ± 4.16 | 51.48 ± 3.26 |
crude protein | 10.86 ± 0.51 | 9.06 ± 0.07 | 9.94 ± 0.86 | 8.96 ± 0.11 | 9.28 ± 2.75 | 8.01 ± 0.85 |
crude lipid | 24.10 ± 1.01 | 26.99 ± 0.10 | 24.17 ± 0.68 | 30.92 ± 0.07 | 35.11 ± 3.67 | 35.76 ± 1.21 |
ash | 1.46 ± 0.16 | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.10 | 1.36 ± 0.07 | 1.14 ± 0.30 | 1.07 ± 0 |
Gonad | ||||||
moisture | 55.63 ± 1.52 | 53.68 ± 1.71 | 55.02 ± 0.53 | 73.50 ± 0.31 | 72.76 ± 0.35 | 73.34 ± 0.36 |
crude protein | 28.84 ± 0.08 b | 29.86 ± 0.25 a | 29.31 ± 0.11 ab | 17.61 ± 0.01 b | 18.01 ± 0.02 a | 17.63 ± 0.05 b |
crude lipid | 7.45 ± 0.09 | 6.72 ± 0.32 | 7.22 ± 0.11 | 0.34 ± 0 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0 |
ash | 2.17 ± 0.40 | 1.90 ± 0.05 | 2.23 ± 0.34 | 2.46 ± 0.32 | 2.33 ± 0.04 | 2.25 ± 0.01 |
Muscle | ||||||
moisture | 79.61 ± 0.25 b | 80.88 ± 0.59 ab | 81.01 ± 0.44 a | 79.33 ± 0.64 | 78.04 ± 0.50 | 78.96 ± 0.50 |
crude protein | 17.42 ± 0.05 a | 15.71 ± 0.15 b | 15.63 ± 0.30 b | 16.50 ± 0.06 c | 17.98 ± 0.00 a | 17.05 ± 0.11 b |
crude lipid | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0 a | 0.38 ± 0.02 b |
ash | 1.51 ± 0.02 | 1.50 ± 0.03 | 1.49 ± 0.07 | 1.35 ± 0.05 | 1.50 ± 0.01 | 1.47 ± 0.02 |
Fatty Acid | Hepatopancreas | Gonad | Muscle | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | |
Female | |||||||||
C14:0 | 1.36 ± 0.12 | 1.40 ± 0.04 | 1.62 ± 0.04 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 1.01 ± 0.18 | — | — | — |
C15:0 | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.68 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 0.50 ± 0.02 | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | — | — | — |
C16:0 | 19.68 ± 0.75 | 19.46 ± 0.22 | 20.85 ± 1.74 | 16.03 ± 0.37 | 15.50 ± 0.07 | 16.20 ± 0.40 | 12.53 ± 0.25 | 12.37 ± 0.32 | 13.22 ± 0.25 |
C17:0 | 0.74 ± 0.03 a | 0.62 ± 0 b | 0.71 ± 0.03 ab | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.11 | 0.95 ± 0.02 ab | 0.86 ± 0 b | 1.01 ± 0.04 a |
C18:0 | 3.07 ± 0.02 | 3.19 ± 0.07 | 3.42 ± 0.19 | 3.15 ± 0.17 | 2.82 ± 0.02 | 2.87 ± 0.12 | 9.79 ± 0.02 ab | 9.21 ± 0.21 b | 10.08 ± 0.19 a |
∑SFA | 26.54 ± 0.88 | 26.45 ± 0.04 | 28.52 ± 1.89 | 21.38 ± 0.63 | 20.47 ± 0.08 | 21.45 ± 0.88 | 24.01 ± 0.24 ab | 23.12 ± 0.50 b | 25.11 ± 0.15 a |
C15:1n5 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | — | — | — | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.79 ± 0.07 |
C16:1n7 | 8.70 ± 0.82 | 9.57 ± 0.92 | 9.76 ± 1.32 | 7.80 ± 0.95 | 10.33 ± 0.13 | 10.27 ± 0.48 | 2.97 ± 0.19 | 2.81 ± 0.05 | 2.86 ± 0.46 |
C18:1n9c | 38.59 ± 0.27 | 36.55 ± 1.04 | 37.94 ± 1.21 | 34.18 ± 0.31 a | 31.40 ± 0.75 b | 32.55 ± 0.46 ab | 25.27 ± 0.32 | 24.92 ± 0.51 | 25.45 ± 0.14 |
C20:1n9 | 1.33 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.04 | 1.18 ± 0.14 | 0.48 ± 0.05 a | 0.33 ± 0.02 b | 0.40 ± 0.01 ab | 0.76 ± 0.03 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.03 |
∑MUFA | 49.89 ± 0.71 | 48.34 ± 0.15 | 50.22 ± 2.72 | 42.96 ± 1.22 | 42.57 ± 0.60 | 43.72 ± 0.05 | 29.86 ± 0.54 | 29.46 ± 0.60 | 30.16 ± 0.24 |
C18:2n6c | 17.06 ± 1.91 | 19.26 ± 0.47 | 15.97 ± 4.03 | 16.96 ± 0.08 | 17.83 ± 0.26 | 16.84 ± 1.41 | 11.25 ± 0.90 | 10.60 ± 0.26 | 9.69 ± 0.04 |
C18:3n3 | 1.84 ± 0.03 | 2.12 ± 0.20 | 1.59 ± 0.36 | 3.10 ± 0.11 | 3.85 ± 0.23 | 3.31 ± 0.18 | 1.58 ± 0.10 | 1.61 ± 0.01 | 1.36 ± 0.18 |
C20:2n6 | 1.18 ± 0.03 a | 0.90 ± 0.02 b | 0.87 ± 0.06 b | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.04 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 1.68 ± 0.05 | 1.62 ± 0.03 | 1.58 ± 0.14 |
C20:4n6 (ARA) | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 0.80 ± 0.10 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 3.38 ± 0.03 | 3.32 ± 0.11 | 3.29 ± 0.09 | 6.73 ± 0.17 | 7.02 ± 0.18 | 7.14 ± 0.24 |
C20:3n3 | 0.37 ± 0 a | 0.30 ± 0.03 b | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.47 ± 0 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.56 ± 0.02 b | 0.61 ± 0.01 a | 0.58 ± 0.01 ab |
C20:5n3 (EPA) | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 0.72 ± 0.18 | 6.48 ± 0.06 | 6.58 ± 0.22 | 6.35 ± 0.07 | 16.50 ± 0.28 | 17.15 ± 0.16 | 16.34 ± 0.33 |
C22:6n3 (DHA) | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 3.24 ± 0.18 | 3.36 ± 0.18 | 2.81 ± 0.09 | 7.62 ± 0.48 | 8.22 ± 0.22 | 7.68 ± 0.21 |
∑PUFA | 23.60 ± 0.72 | 25.21 ± 0.05 | 21.15 ± 2.06 | 35.35 ± 0.28 | 36.86 ± 0.23 | 34.51 ± 0.42 | 46.32 ± 0.25 ab | 47.23 ± 0.04 a | 44.83 ± 0.13 b |
∑EFA | 19.18 ± 0.84 | 21.58 ± 0.12 | 17.78 ± 1.95 | 20.29 ± 0.08 | 21.86 ± 0.22 | 20.34 ± 0.55 | 13.04 ± 0.44 | 12.40 ± 0.12 | 11.31 ± 0.09 |
∑HUFA | 5.09 ± 0.16 | 4.86 ± 0.29 | 4.09 ± 0.34 | 17.08 ± 0.24 | 17.93 ± 0.15 | 16.57 ± 0.23 | 33.19 ± 0.14 b | 34.82 ± 0.06 a | 33.30 ± 0.09 b |
∑n-3 PUFA | 3.67 ± 0.13 | 3.66 ± 0.32 | 2.93 ± 0.43 | 13.30 ± 0.27 | 14.26 ± 0.13 | 12.91 ± 0.24 | 26.25 ± 0.08 b | 27.58 ± 0.05 a | 25.95 ± 0.03 b |
∑n-6 PUFA | 19.93 ± 1.04 | 21.55 ± 0.19 | 18.22 ± 2.31 | 22.05 ± 0.14 | 22.60 ± 0.20 | 21.60 ± 0.74 | 20.80 ± 0.40 | 19.65 ± 0.02 | 18.89 ± 0.19 |
n-3/n-6 PUFA | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.63 ± 0 | 0.60 ± 0.05 | 1.31 ± 0.05 | 1.40 ± 0 | 1.37 ± 0.03 |
∑DHA + EPA | 1.46 ± 0.15 | 1.25 ± 0.22 | 1.08 ± 0.25 | 9.72 ± 0.23 ab | 9.94 ± 0.04 a | 9.16 ± 0.16 b | 24.11 ± 0.20 b | 25.37 ± 0.05 a | 24.02 ± 0.13 b |
DHA/EPA | 0.42 ± 0.10 | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.02 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.02 |
Male | |||||||||
C14:0 | 1.56 ± 0.07 | 1.37 ± 0.13 | 1.62 ± 0.11 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | — | — | — |
C15:0 | 0.83 ± 0.04 a | 0.64 ± 0.01 b | 0.73 ± 0.05 ab | — | — | — | — | — | — |
C16:0 | 19.92 ± 0.83 a | 17.15 ± 0.07 b | 17.78 ± 0.24 ab | 10.25 ± 0.39 | 9.63 ± 0.44 | 10.21 ± 0.02 | 13.31 ± 0.45 | 12.18 ± 0.04 | 12.60 ± 0.05 |
C17:0 | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 0.69 ± 0.01 b | 0.87 ± 0.06 a | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 0.93 ± 0.04 | 1.11 ± 0.09 |
C18:0 | 3.63 ± 0.06 a | 3.13 ± 0.12 b | 3.40 ± 0.02 ab | 7.79 ± 0.50 | 7.48 ± 0.04 | 7.62 ± 0.07 | 10.27 ± 0.09 | 9.49 ± 0.07 | 10.21 ± 0.30 |
∑SFA | 27.90 ± 0.90 a | 23.96 ± 0 b | 25.42 ± 0.42 ab | 19.90 ± 0.09 | 18.80 ± 0.58 | 19.63 ± 0.11 | 25.33 ± 0.48 a | 23.07 ± 0.12 b | 24.50 ± 0.35 ab |
C15:1n5 | 0.39 ± 0.02 a | 0.28 ± 0.02 b | 0.32 ± 0.02 ab | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.93 ± 0.10 |
C16:1n7 | 8.56 ± 0.29 | 8.04 ± 1.14 | 9.40 ± 0.82 | 2.49 ± 0.39 | 2.38 ± 0.13 | 3.00 ± 0.13 | 2.87 ± 0.44 | 2.36 ± 0.09 | 2.29 ± 0.11 |
C18:1n9c | 34.99 ± 1.21 | 32.33 ± 1.28 | 31.71 ± 0.44 | 24.23 ± 0.38 a | 22.65 ± 0.36 b | 24.39 ± 0.17 a | 25.43 ± 0.21 a | 23.41 ± 0.04 c | 24.43 ± 0.12 b |
C20:1n9 | 1.43 ± 0.05 a | 1.07 ± 0.11 b | 0.97 ± 0.02 b | 1.22 ± 0.03 | 1.09 ± 0.06 | 1.13 ± 0.01 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.02 |
∑MUFA | 46.65 ± 1.61 | 42.76 ± 0.24 | 43.37 ± 0.46 | 29.21 ± 0.77 | 27.39 ± 0.49 | 29.80 ± 0.32 | 30.47 ± 0.77 a | 27.72 ± 0.09 b | 28.79 ± 0.12 ab |
C18:2n6c | 16.18 ± 2.20 | 22.52 ± 0.38 | 19.53 ± 1.37 | 8.74 ± 1.14 | 10.71 ± 0.17 | 9.83 ± 0.18 | 10.11 ± 0.58 b | 12.18 ± 0.33 a | 9.90 ± 0.20 b |
C18:3n3 | 2.56 ± 0.30 | 3.17 ± 0.44 | 3.45 ± 0.22 | 1.13 ± 0.22 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 1.16 ± 0.16 | 1.60 ± 0.16 | 1.56 ± 0.09 | 1.37 ± 0.06 |
C20:2n6 | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 0.95 ± 0.18 | 0.83 ± 0.01 | 2.54 ± 0.13 | 2.63 ± 0.11 | 2.55 ± 0.18 | 1.50 ± 0.08 b | 1.72 ± 0.03 a | 1.64 ± 0.02 ab |
C20:4n6 (ARA) | 1.61 ± 0 | 1.65 ± 0.05 | 1.92 ± 0.13 | 15.21 ± 0.89 | 13.97 ± 0.40 | 14.54 ± 0.53 | 7.63 ± 0.21 | 7.36 ± 0.23 | 8.03 ± 0.26 |
C20:3n3 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.01 a | 0.55 ± 0.01 b | 0.63 ± 0.02 a | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.02 |
C20:5n3 (EPA) | 1.36 ± 0.09 | 1.85 ± 0.21 | 2.09 ± 0.16 | 10.22 ± 0.97 | 10.79 ± 0.20 | 10.40 ± 0.30 | 13.87 ± 0.19 b | 15.48 ± 0.20 a | 15.68 ± 0.26 a |
C22:6n3 (DHA) | 1.40 ± 0.01 b | 1.96 ± 0.14 a | 2.17 ± 0.08 a | 6.53 ± 0.38 | 6.82 ± 0.32 | 6.00 ± 0.07 | 8.64 ± 0.17 | 9.77 ± 0.26 | 9.35 ± 0.31 |
∑PUFA | 25.45 ± 1.13 b | 33.32 ± 0.10 a | 31.23 ± 0.40 ab | 45.37 ± 0.47 | 46.81 ± 0.36 | 45.49 ± 0.14 | 44.20 ± 0.13 c | 48.84 ± 0.10 a | 46.82 ± 0.06 b |
∑EFA | 19.00 ± 1.10 | 25.90 ± 0.02 | 23.19 ± 0.51 | 10.22 ± 0.60 | 12.05 ± 0.10 | 11.39 ± 0 | 11.96 ± 0.17 b | 13.93 ± 0.19 a | 11.51 ± 0.14 b |
∑HUFA | 8.01 ± 0.20 b | 9.65 ± 0.40 ab | 10.67 ± 0.24 a | 33.75 ± 1.01 | 33.20 ± 0.44 | 32.72 ± 0.01 | 32.34 ± 0.16 b | 34.75 ± 0.30 a | 35.04 ± 0.07 a |
∑n-3 PUFA | 5.69 ± 0.28 b | 7.35 ± 0.54 ab | 8.08 ± 0.21 a | 18.54 ± 0.80 | 19.23 ± 0.34 | 18.19 ± 0.39 | 24.71 ± 0.08 b | 27.39 ± 0.25 a | 27.01 ± 0.09 a |
∑n-6 PUFA | 19.76 ± 1.23 | 25.97 ± 0.32 | 23.15 ± 0.68 | 26.84 ± 0.05 | 27.58 ± 0.19 | 27.31 ± 0.49 | 19.49 ± 0.23 b | 21.45 ± 0.08 a | 19.81 ± 0 b |
n-3/n-6 PUFA | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.04 | 1.27 ± 0.03 | 1.28 ± 0.03 | 1.36 ± 0.01 |
∑DHA + EPA | 2.76 ± 0.10 b | 3.80 ± 0.35 a | 4.26 ± 0.08 a | 16.75 ± 1.35 | 17.61 ± 0.52 | 16.40 ± 0.36 | 22.51 ± 0.02 b | 25.25 ± 0.46 a | 25.03 ± 0.05 a |
DHA/EPA | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 1.07 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.12 | 0.64 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.03 |
Free Amino Acids | Hepatopancreas | Gonad | Muscle | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | |
Female | |||||||||
Aspartic acid | 41.33 ± 3.44 b | 58.10 ± 2.80 a | 61.89 ± 3.31 a | 10.23 ± 2.87 | 7.04 ± 1.28 | 8.21 ± 2.04 | 3.72 ± 0.58 | 2.98 ± 0.26 | 3.59 ± 0.22 |
Arginine | 299.51 ± 28.50 | 275.89 ± 1.46 | 286.47 ± 13.84 | 223.54 ± 18.42 | 291.75 ± 29.03 | 227.79 ± 18.41 | 487.49 ± 1.84 b | 452.77 ± 17.15 b | 544.70 ± 10.59 a |
Alanine | 164.85 ± 11.12 a | 121.78 ± 7.78 b | 135.10 ± 4.74 ab | 75.95 ± 12.48 | 82.20 ± 24.79 | 66.25 ± 2.35 | 303.43 ± 24.60 | 317.08 ± 18.38 | 354.05 ± 32.29 |
Cysteine | 11.55 ± 0.19 b | 16.21 ± 0.75 a | 15.54 ± 0.20 a | 0.97 ± 0.65 | 0.41 ± 0.16 | 1.02 ± 0.08 | 3.14 ± 0.96 | 3.30 ± 0.46 | 3.41 ± 0.93 |
Glutamic acid | 104.54 ± 8.34 | 111.19 ± 4.96 | 115.50 ± 3.16 | 104.86 ± 8.72 | 129.77 ± 34.62 | 120.67 ± 12.59 | 38.13 ± 8.16 | 51.94 ± 3.41 | 61.20 ± 17.91 |
Glycine | 80.13 ± 0.10 | 80.09 ± 9.62 | 81.19 ± 3.07 | 43.89 ± 9.91 | 51.84 ± 14.00 | 43.84 ± 3.18 | 450.43 ± 33.41 b | 595.76 ± 7.73 a | 461.48 ± 32.33 b |
Histidine | 32.51 ± 4.82 b | 49.74 ± 3.11 a | 47.94 ± 2.46 ab | 25.62 ± 1.86 b | 33.12 ± 0.52 a | 27.95 ± 0.57 ab | 16.56 ± 0.72 | 22.12 ± 1.52 | 22.44 ± 2.56 |
Proline | 96.27 ± 14.42 b | 203.41 ± 17.57 a | 202.96 ± 8.17 a | 131.94 ± 17.98 b | 272.57 ± 32.06 ab | 315.82 ± 47.81 a | 238.99 ± 40.97 b | 367.13 ± 51.10 ab | 491.15 ± 44.92 a |
Serine | 18.09 ± 2.18 | 13.58 ± 0.90 | 14.40 ± 0.37 | 8.48 ± 2.01 | 6.86 ± 0.65 | 4.92 ± 0.01 | 10.08 ± 1.21 | 9.51 ± 1.25 | 6.68 ± 0.15 |
Tyrosine | 76.31 ± 1.43 b | 86.43 ± 2.69 a | 92.36 ± 0.44 a | 20.80 ± 8.10 | 18.64 ± 2.57 | 13.30 ± 0.86 | 15.11 ± 2.14 | 15.69 ± 2.24 | 21.44 ± 3.70 |
Isoleucine ▲ | 39.21 ± 2.26 b | 75.79 ± 1.00 a | 49.94 ± 3.33 b | 10.49 ± 2.94 | 10.34 ± 0.90 | 7.87 ± 0.19 | 10.86 ± 1.24 | 13.99 ± 2.29 | 18.23 ± 2.74 |
Leucine ▲ | 112.38 ± 6.02 b | 167.73 ± 0.95 a | 151.50 ± 1.42 a | 21.59 ± 9.25 | 22.55 ± 0.58 | 15.32 ± 1.56 | 23.33 ± 2.59 | 32.57 ± 6.10 | 40.77 ± 5.96 |
Lysine ▲ | 158.23 ± 6.43 b | 164.07 ± 4.15 ab | 183.05 ± 0.78 a | 51.43 ± 6.59 b | 93.31 ± 6.33 a | 71.28 ± 1.37 ab | 33.16 ± 2.43 b | 39.17 ± 5.33 ab | 72.64 ± 11.85 a |
Methionine ▲ | 41.07 ± 1.63 ab | 45.69 ± 2.36 a | 34.73 ± 2.61 b | 16.94 ± 5.20 | 10.69 ± 1.67 | 9.11 ± 0.02 | 21.84 ± 0.31 | 19.75 ± 1.11 | 27.15 ± 3.86 |
Phenylalanine ▲ | 71.82 ± 1.68 b | 94.11 ± 0.05 a | 94.11 ± 0.41 a | 19.83 ± 6.62 | 19.57 ± 1.26 | 11.83 ± 0.98 | 13.40 ± 2.08 | 15.13 ± 2.95 | 20.63 ± 3.27 |
Threonine ▲ | 61.61 ± 1.55 b | 79.43 ± 1.42 a | 83.23 ± 4.56 a | 56.60 ± 0.62 | 79.45 ± 11.39 | 59.13 ± 6.06 | 23.66 ± 1.08 | 31.92 ± 7.65 | 38.70 ± 7.42 |
Valine ▲ | 67.23 ± 1.89 | 69.82 ± 0.68 | 71.94 ± 4.20 | 26.69 ± 4.85 | 21.57 ± 0.62 | 15.48 ± 1.56 | 30.23 ± 1.87 | 38.04 ± 5.00 | 39.45 ± 7.44 |
∑EFAA | 551.55 ± 18.37 b | 696.63 ± 5.77 a | 668.50 ± 12.09 a | 203.56 ± 34.83 | 257.49 ± 22.75 | 190.03 ± 11.74 | 156.47 ± 11.60 | 190.56 ± 30.43 | 257.58 ± 42.54 |
∑FAA | 1476.65 ± 4.09 b | 1713.04 ± 10.57 a | 1721.86 ± 46.53 a | 849.86 ± 80.54 | 1151.68 ± 95.42 | 1019.80 ± 94.39 | 1723.54 ± 40.57 b | 2028.83 ± 84.18 a | 2227.72 ± 12.45 a |
PETFAA | 37.35 ± 1.14 | 40.67 ± 0.59 | 38.83 ± 0.35 | 23.78 ± 1.85 a | 22.35 ± 0.12 ab | 18.69 ± 0.58 b | 9.07 ± 0.46 | 9.35 ± 1.11 | 11.55 ± 1.84 |
Male | |||||||||
Aspartic acid | 45.09 ± 1.29 | 53.68 ± 7.18 | 55.49 ± 5.88 | 49.91 ± 3.14 | 61.92 ± 5.04 | 66.65 ± 2.83 | 2.29 ± 0.36 | 3.20 ± 0.51 | 2.98 ± 0.63 |
Arginine | 255.53 ± 29.47 | 247.79 ± 22.87 | 223.99 ± 6.52 | 47.87 ± 1.16 | 45.28 ± 2.40 | 51.45 ± 2.66 | 489.02 ± 32.00 | 537.25 ± 16.27 | 490.85 ± 65.55 |
Alanine | 141.21 ± 7.13 | 108.50 ± 11.38 | 126.99 ± 6.63 | 71.09 ± 7.57 | 59.15 ± 3.12 | 78.11 ± 3.14 | 300.88 ± 20.95 | 314.91 ± 49.62 | 308.30 ± 36.41 |
Cysteine | 13.94 ± 0.18 | 15.88 ± 1.73 | 16.23 ± 0.67 | 3.03 ± 0.09 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 c | 2.15 ± 0.16 b | 0.95 ± 0.48 | 2.84 ± 0.65 | 2.49 ± 0.24 |
Glutamic acid | 88.52 ± 13.75 | 98.54 ± 1522 | 99.91 ± 14.26 | 58.79 ± 7.22 | 50.39 ± 1.58 | 61.69 ± 3.12 | 54.32 ± 9.05 | 74.84 ± 10.81 | 69.55 ± 9.58 |
Glycine | 66.90 ± 0.94 | 78.89 ± 0.58 | 77.14 ± 8.51 | 27.57 ± 2.43 | 26.67 ± 0.91 | 27.77 ± 0.30 | 437.69 ± 28.26 | 561.13 ± 33.12 | 546.93 ± 33.55 |
Histidine | 35.56 ± 5.40 | 44.41 ± 4.66 | 45.11 ± 4.08 | 8.75 ± 0.61 c | 11.42 ± 0.16 b | 13.72 ± 0.17 a | 13.17 ± 1.84 b | 21.18 ± 1.86 a | 15.31 ± 0.77 ab |
Proline | 109.18 ± 0.87 | 253.22 ± 19.02 | 262.20 ± 83.68 | 73.92 ± 12.06 | 108.29 ± 13.53 | 137.26 ± 35.29 | 208.61 ± 21.22 b | 473.18 ± 77.05 a | 476.86 ± 51.06 a |
Serine | 16.03 ± 1.43 | 13.70 ± 1.22 | 18.50 ± 0.16 | 3.25 ± 0.03 | 3.51 ± 0.57 | 4.10 ± 0.62 | 8.19 ± 1.47 | 8.31 ± 0.10 | 5.51 ± 1.25 |
Tyrosine | 86.85 ± 2.53 | 80.89 ± 8.96 | 80.48 ± 5.16 | 19.99 ± 1.37 | 19.55 ± 0.41 | 19.56 ± 0.22 | 13.24 ± 1.10 b | 21.22 ± 0.65 a | 17.37 ± 2.43 ab |
Isoleucine ▲ | 44.24 ± 5.23 | 50.56 ± 5.39 | 54.31 ± 5.51 | 10.55 ± 0.68 b | 12.49 ± 0.37 b | 15.74 ± 0.82 a | 9.60 ± 2.17 | 13.45 ± 1.08 | 12.32 ± 2.79 |
Leucine ▲ | 126.43 ± 2.35 | 157.29 ± 10.77 | 140.48 ± 11.37 | 15.40 ± 2.35 b | 17.07 ± 0.53 ab | 21.96 ± 0.62 a | 22.63 ± 3.96 | 28.93 ± 1.39 | 26.94 ± 5.53 |
Lysine ▲ | 174.21 ± 9.13 | 143.66 ± 16.03 | 141.24 ± 7.96 | 26.24 ± 2.88 | 24.41 ± 0.97 | 27.66 ± 0.97 | 44.22 ± 2.36 | 48.05 ± 2.59 | 55.60 ± 6.77 |
Methionine ▲ | 41.06 ± 0.05 | 43.75 ± 6.20 | 38.58 ± 2.94 | 5.87 ± 0.90 | 4.70 ± 0.70 | 5.86 ± 0.14 | 14.99 ± 0.35 | 22.58 ± 4.11 | 17.47 ± 0.19 |
Phenylalanine ▲ | 82.88 ± 2.13 | 88.34 ± 10.24 | 86.42 ± 8.34 | 8.15 ± 0.79 | 8.93 ± 0.46 | 10.51 ± 0.10 | 10.21 ± 1.64 | 15.42 ± 0.46 | 12.63 ± 1.75 |
Threonine ▲ | 70.37 ± 12.98 | 73.90 ± 8.24 | 80.67 ± 4.43 | 9.53 ± 0.15 c | 13.38 ± 0.27 b | 16.66 ± 0.98 a | 21.79 ± 4.77 | 30.70 ± 0.71 | 35.17 ± 5.18 |
Valine ▲ | 67.41 ± 3.90 | 70.02 ± 6.31 | 72.26 ± 4.05 | 14.90 ± 0.07 a | 9.92 ± 0.82 b | 11.86 ± 0.37 b | 29.14 ± 6.17 | 38.67 ± 5.90 | 34.42 ± 6.19 |
∑EFAA | 606.61 ± 35.67 | 627.53 ± 18.24 | 613.95 ± 44.59 | 90.65 ± 7.52 | 90.89 ± 3.38 | 110.27 ± 3.99 | 152.58 ± 21.42 | 197.80 ± 9.65 | 194.54 ± 28.02 |
∑FAA | 1465.42 ± 54.30 | 1623.03 ± 111.06 | 1620.00 ± 180.13 | 454.82 ± 23.95 | 477.20 ± 10.18 | 572.73 ± 50.49 | 1680.96 ± 73.19 | 2215.86 ± 200.09 | 2130.69 ± 229.01 |
PETFAA | 41.36 ± 0.90 | 38.77 ± 1.53 | 38.06 ± 1.48 | 20.07 ± 2.71 | 19.04 ± 0.30 | 19.34 ± 1.01 | 9.04 ± 0.88 | 8.96 ± 0.37 | 9.09 ± 0.34 |
Free Amino Acids | Flavor Characteristics | Threshold (mg/100 mL) | Hepatopancreas | Gonad | Muscle | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | FW | SW | AW | |||
Female | |||||||||||
Aspartic acid | umami (+) | 100 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Glutamic acid | umami (+) | 30 | 3.48 | 3.71 | 3.85 | 3.50 | 4.33 | 4.02 | 1.27 | 1.73 | 2.04 |
∑TUV | 3.89 | 4.29 | 4.47 | 3.60 | 4.40 | 4.10 | 1.31 | 1.76 | 2.08 | ||
Alanine | sweetness (+) | 60 | 2.75 | 2.03 | 2.25 | 1.27 | 1.37 | 1.10 | 5.06 | 5.28 | 5.90 |
Glycine | sweetness (+) | 130 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.34 | 3.46 | 4.58 | 3.55 |
Serine | sweetness (+) | 150 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Threonine | sweetness (+) | 260 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
Proline | sweetness/bitterness (+) | 300 | 0.32 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.44 | 0.91 | 1.05 | 0.80 | 1.22 | 1.64 |
∑TSV | 4.05 | 3.73 | 3.97 | 2.33 | 3.04 | 2.75 | 9.48 | 11.26 | 11.28 | ||
Arginine | sweetness/bitterness (−) | 50 | 5.99 | 5.52 | 5.73 | 4.47 | 5.83 | 4.56 | 9.75 | 9.06 | 10.89 |
Lysine | sweetness/bitterness (−) | 50 | 3.16 | 3.28 | 3.66 | 1.03 | 1.87 | 1.43 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 1.45 |
Valine | sweetness/bitterness (−) | 40 | 1.68 | 1.75 | 1.80 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.99 |
Methionine | bitterness/sweetness/sulphur (−) | 30 | 1.37 | 1.52 | 1.16 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.91 |
Histidine | bitterness (−) | 20 | 1.63 | 2.49 | 2.40 | 1.28 | 1.66 | 1.40 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.23 |
Isoleucine | bitterness (−) | 90 | 0.44 | 0.84 | 0.55 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
Leucine | bitterness (−) | 190 | 0.59 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
Phenylalanine | bitterness (−) | 90 | 0.80 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.83 | 1.11 | 1.12 |
∑TBV | 15.66 | 17.33 | 17.15 | 8.46 | 10.71 | 8.38 | 13.12 | 13.06 | 16.00 | ||
Male | |||||||||||
Aspartic acid | umami (+) | 100 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Glutamic acid | umami (+) | 30 | 2.95 | 3.28 | 3.33 | 1.96 | 1.68 | 2.06 | 1.81 | 2.49 | 2.32 |
∑TUV | 3.40 | 3.82 | 3.88 | 2.46 | 2.30 | 2.73 | 1.83 | 2.52 | 2.35 | ||
Alanine | sweetness (+) | 60 | 2.35 | 1.81 | 2.12 | 1.18 | 0.99 | 1.30 | 5.01 | 5.25 | 5.14 |
Glycine | sweetness (+) | 130 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 3.37 | 4.32 | 4.21 |
Serine | sweetness (+) | 150 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Threonine | sweetness (+) | 260 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
Proline | sweetness/bitterness (+) | 300 | 0.36 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 1.58 | 1.59 |
∑TSV | 3.60 | 3.63 | 4.01 | 1.70 | 1.63 | 2.06 | 9.21 | 11.33 | 11.12 | ||
Arginine | sweetness/bitterness (−) | 50 | 5.11 | 4.96 | 4.48 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 1.03 | 9.78 | 10.75 | 9.82 |
Lysine | sweetness/bitterness (−) | 50 | 3.48 | 2.87 | 2.82 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 1.11 |
Valine | sweetness/bitterness (−) | 40 | 1.69 | 1.75 | 1.81 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.86 |
Methionine | bitterness/sweetness/sulphur (−) | 30 | 1.37 | 1.46 | 1.29 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.58 |
Histidine | bitterness (−) | 20 | 1.78 | 2.22 | 2.26 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
Isoleucine | bitterness (−) | 90 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
Leucine | bitterness (−) | 190 | 0.67 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
Phenylalanine | bitterness (−) | 90 | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 0.77 |
∑TBV | 15.51 | 15.63 | 14.96 | 2.78 | 2.71 | 3.18 | 12.89 | 14.96 | 13.56 |
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Wang, S.; Guo, K.; Luo, L.; Zhang, R.; Xu, W.; Song, Y.; Zhao, Z. Fattening in Saline and Alkaline Water Improves the Color, Nutritional and Taste Quality of Adult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis. Foods 2022, 11, 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172573
Wang S, Guo K, Luo L, Zhang R, Xu W, Song Y, Zhao Z. Fattening in Saline and Alkaline Water Improves the Color, Nutritional and Taste Quality of Adult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis. Foods. 2022; 11(17):2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172573
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shihui, Kun Guo, Liang Luo, Rui Zhang, Wei Xu, Yingying Song, and Zhigang Zhao. 2022. "Fattening in Saline and Alkaline Water Improves the Color, Nutritional and Taste Quality of Adult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis" Foods 11, no. 17: 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172573