Kinetic Study of Subcritical Water Extraction of Scopoletin, Alizarin, and Rutin from Morinda citrifolia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Material and Chemicals
2.2. Methanol Extraction
2.3. Subcritical Water Extraction
2.4. HPLC Analysis
2.5. Kinetic Modeling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Subcritical Water Temperature
3.2. Effect of Water Flow Rate
3.3. Kinetic Modeling
3.4. Diffusion Coefficient and Activation Energy
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Temperature (°C) | Flow Rate (mL/min) | Extraction Yield (µg/g Dry Sample) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scopoletin | Alizarin | Rutin | |||
1 | 100 | 1 | 364.2 ± 11.7 | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 372.9 ± 11.7 |
2 | 2 | 435.3 ± 6.4 | 19.1 ± 0.3 | 429.6 ± 11.9 | |
3 | 3 | 444.8 ± 3.3 | 20.0 ± 0.6 | 437.3 ± 4.8 | |
4 | 120 | 1 | 382.1 ± 9.5 | 28.8 ± 1.1 | 375.5 ± 12.0 |
5 | 2 | 441.3 ± 4.9 | 34.5 ± 2.3 | 457.0 ± 15.7 | |
6 | 3 | 492.6 ± 11.9 | 34.7 ± 1.8 | 476.2 ± 16.6 | |
7 | 140 | 1 | 416.4 ± 3.2 | 64.0 ± 1.0 | 368.8 ± 2.6 |
8 | 2 | 493.3 ± 11.5 | 78.3 ± 2.8 | 385.2 ± 12.1 | |
9 | 3 | 530.6 ± 22.1 | 81.5 ± 0.8 | 452.0 ± 16.2 |
Temperature (°C) | Flow Rate (mL/min) | Partitioning Coefficients (KD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Scopoletin | Alizarin | Rutin | ||
100 | 1 | 9.0 ± 0.6 a | 71.6 ± 2.7 a | 9.0 ± 0.5 a |
2 | 9.1 ± 0.5 a | 70.2 ± 1.9 a | 9.2 ± 0.4 a | |
3 | 9.3 ± 0.6 a | 74.2 ± 4.5 a | 9.3 ± 0.4 a | |
120 | 1 | 8.1 ± 0.4 b | 51.2 ± 2.5 b | 6.7 ± 0.2 c |
2 | 8.1 ± 0.4 b | 52.5 ± 2.4 b | 6.5 ± 0.4 c | |
3 | 7.5 ± 0.5 bc | 53.9 ± 2.5 b | 6.7 ± 0.2 c | |
140 | 1 | 7.2 ± 0.1 c | 9.6 ± 0.3 c | 7.8 ± 0.1 b |
2 | 7.5 ± 0.3 bc | 9.2 ± 0.8 c | 7.9 ± 0.6 b | |
3 | 7.7 ± 0.0 bc | 9.1 ± 0.5 c | 7.5 ± 0.3 b |
Temperature (°C) | Flow Rate (mL/min) | Diffusion Coefficient (×10−9 m2/s) | |
---|---|---|---|
Scopoletin | Alizarin | ||
100 | 1 | 0.51 ± 0.03 f | 0.09 ± 0.01 f |
2 | 0.71 ± 0.03 de | 0.14 ± 0.00 ef | |
3 | 0.96 ± 0.02 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 de | |
120 | 1 | 0.55 ± 0.02 ef | 0.18 ± 0.01 de |
2 | 0.86 ± 0.02 cd | 0.22 ± 0.02 d | |
3 | 1.20 ± 0.03 b | 0.25 ± 0.03 d | |
140 | 1 | 0.64 ± 0.01 ef | 0.61 ± 0.01 c |
2 | 1.14 ± 0.13 b | 1.02 ± 0.07 b | |
3 | 1.93 ± 0.26 a | 1.46 ± 0.11 a |
Flow Rate (mL/min) | Activation Energy (kJ/mol) | |
---|---|---|
Scopoletin | Alizarin | |
1 | 7.3 ± 1.3 b | 62.7 ± 2.0 a |
2 | 15.0 ± 4.9 ab | 63.6 ± 1.8 a |
3 | 22.0 ± 4.6 a | 64.5 ± 1.8 a |
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Jamaludin, R.; Kim, D.-S.; Salleh, L.M.; Lim, S.-B. Kinetic Study of Subcritical Water Extraction of Scopoletin, Alizarin, and Rutin from Morinda citrifolia. Foods 2021, 10, 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102260
Jamaludin R, Kim D-S, Salleh LM, Lim S-B. Kinetic Study of Subcritical Water Extraction of Scopoletin, Alizarin, and Rutin from Morinda citrifolia. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102260
Chicago/Turabian StyleJamaludin, Roslina, Dong-Shin Kim, Liza Md Salleh, and Sang-Bin Lim. 2021. "Kinetic Study of Subcritical Water Extraction of Scopoletin, Alizarin, and Rutin from Morinda citrifolia" Foods 10, no. 10: 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102260