Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art
2.1. Fake News, Infodemic, Media, and Social Media
2.2. Focusing on Generation Z
2.3. UNESCO Media Literacy Response
- Understand the role and functions of media and information in democratic societies.
- Understand and access media contents and their uses, in terms of consumption.
- Critically evaluate media content in the light of media reliability.
- Engage with media for self-expression and democratic participation.
- Review skills (including ICTs) needed to produce user-generated content
- Understand how social media have affected the role and profile of journalism.
- Understand how social media have changed the process of news production and dissemination and the relationship between journalism and audiences.
- Explore new business and entrepreneurial models for media industries.
- Discuss ethical challenges and considerations within this new media ecosystem.
- RO1. Determine young Spaniard´s media and information access and consumption
- RO2. Describe media and social media habits in order to discover good or bad practices.
- RO3. Analyze the level of reliability awarded to media by this population.
- RO4. Outline the Spanish young´s relationship with fake news in terms of reception, distinction, and perception.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Design: Variables of Study and Instrument
3.2. Sample
4. Results
4.1. Media and Information Consumption
4.2. Social Media Consumption
4.3. Misinformation and Fake News
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Constructs and Research Objectives (RO) | Variables of Study | Number of Items |
---|---|---|
C1. Media and information consumption (RO1 and RO3) | V1. Source of information | 8 |
V2. Reliability on sources | 8 | |
V3. Media type | 5 | |
V4. Since COVID-19 information consumed | 8 | |
C2. Social media consumption (RO2) | V5. Average time | 1 |
V6. Social media used | 8 | |
V7. Level of engagement | 1 | |
V8. Favorite social media | 7 | |
C3. Misinformation and fake news (RO4) | V9. Since COVID-19 information received | 8 |
V10. Fake news reception and distinction | 2 | |
V11. Content more related to fake news | 8 | |
V12. Media spreading more fake news | 8 | |
V13. Source reliability | 6 |
I Usually Get Informed with… | Mean | DT | Never | A Little | Occasionally | Frequently | Always | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radio | 1.71 | 0.877 | 50.5 | 34.3 | 10.3 | 3.9 | 1 | 408 |
Online radio | 1.58 | 0.855 | 61.5 | 23.8 | 10.3 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 408 |
Press | 1.79 | 0.896 | 46.8 | 33.3 | 14.7 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 408 |
Digital press | 3.42 | 1.083 | 4.7 | 14.5 | 32.6 | 30.4 | 17.9 | 408 |
TV | 3.5 | 1.145 | 5.6 | 14.5 | 25.7 | 32.6 | 21.6 | 408 |
Online TV | 2.2 | 1.23 | 39.2 | 23.3 | 21.6 | 9.8 | 6.1 | 408 |
Web pages | 3.62 | 1.04 | 3.9 | 9.6 | 27.7 | 38 | 20.8 | 408 |
Social networks | 4.25 | 0.961 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 13.7 | 27.7 | 52.7 | 408 |
Perceived Reliability of… | Mean | DT | Never | A Little | Occasionally | Frequently | Always | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radio | 3.46 | 0.823 | 1 | 12.3 | 32.4 | 48.3 | 6.1 | 408 |
Online radio | 3.26 | 0.798 | 1.5 | 15.2 | 41.2 | 39.7 | 2.5 | 408 |
Press | 3.59 | 0.879 | 1 | 11 | 28.4 | 47.1 | 12.5 | 408 |
Digital press | 3.35 | 0.868 | 1.2 | 15 | 39.2 | 37 | 7.6 | 408 |
TV | 3.28 | 0.976 | 3.2 | 19.9 | 31.1 | 37.7 | 8.1 | 408 |
Online TV | 3.04 | 0.942 | 4.9 | 23.5 | 38.5 | 28.9 | 4.2 | 408 |
Web pages | 2.66 | 0.831 | 4.7 | 41.4 | 38.7 | 13.5 | 1.7 | 408 |
Social networks | 2.41 | 0.862 | 11.8 | 47.3 | 31.1 | 8.1 | 1.7 | 408 |
Mean | DT | Never | A Little | Occasionally | Frequently | Always | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthcare | 3.43 | 1.162 | 4.4 | 19.4 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 22.4 | 408 |
Alternative medicine and self-help | 2.45 | 1.163 | 21.6 | 38.6 | 19.7 | 13.5 | 6.6 | 408 |
Politics | 4.09 | 1.016 | 2.2 | 5.4 | 18 | 30.3 | 44.1 | 408 |
Entertainment and Culture | 3.15 | 1.224 | 7.9 | 27 | 24.8 | 22.6 | 17.7 | 408 |
Food and care | 2.86 | 1.134 | 12.3 | 29 | 26.3 | 25.8 | 6.6 | 408 |
Sports | 2.88 | 1.221 | 15 | 25.3 | 27.3 | 21.6 | 10.8 | 408 |
Sexuality and privacy | 2.2 | 1.065 | 28.7 | 38.8 | 20.4 | 8.1 | 3.9 | 408 |
Humor | 3.83 | 1.183 | 4.4 | 11.8 | 17.9 | 28.3 | 37.6 | 408 |
State the Level of Use for … | Mean | DT | p | Rho | Never | A Little | Occasionally | Frequently | Always | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.5 | 0.914 | 0.240 | 0.057 | 69.6 | 18.4 | 6.4 | 3.7 | 2 | 408 | |
Tik Tok | 2.26 | 1.418 | 0.000 * | 0.222 | 45.3 | 18.4 | 12 | 13.7 | 10.5 | 408 |
2.96 | 1.5 | 0.000 * | 0.242 | 23.3 | 22.1 | 13 | 19.1 | 22.5 | 408 | |
Twitch | 1.47 | 0.905 | 0.459 | 0.037 | 72.1 | 16.4 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 408 |
YouTube | 3.26 | 1.073 | 0.249 | 0.057 | 2.2 | 25.7 | 31.1 | 25.5 | 15.4 | 408 |
4.12 | 1.02 | 0.000 * | 0.422 | 2.2 | 6.1 | 15 | 30.9 | 45.8 | 408 | |
4.32 | 0.943 | 0.003 * | 0.349 | 0.2 | 6.6 | 12.3 | 23 | 57.8 | 408 |
Type of Content | Mean | DT | Never | A Little | Occasionally | Frequently | Always | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entertainment and culture | 4.16 | 0.918 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 16.9 | 32.4 | 44.9 | 408 |
Fashion and beauty | 2.91 | 1.407 | 21.1 | 22.3 | 18.6 | 20.1 | 17.9 | 408 |
Information and current issues | 3.38 | 1.045 | 2.7 | 19.1 | 31.1 | 31.6 | 15.4 | 408 |
Humor and memes | 3.7 | 1.157 | 4.2 | 13.2 | 21.3 | 30.6 | 30.6 | 408 |
Food and care | 2.36 | 1.183 | 27.5 | 34.3 | 19.6 | 12.5 | 6.1 | 408 |
Sports | 2.58 | 1.322 | 25.6 | 30.2 | 15.5 | 18.4 | 10.3 | 408 |
Trending topics | 2.55 | 1.177 | 20.1 | 33.7 | 24.3 | 14.5 | 7.4 | 408 |
Music | 3.69 | 1.179 | 4.2 | 14 | 22.4 | 27.3 | 32.2 | 408 |
Cars and motor | 1.52 | 0.99 | 72 | 13.8 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 408 |
Video games and gamers | 1.97 | 1.291 | 54.3 | 18.4 | 8.8 | 12.5 | 5.9 | 408 |
Politics | 2.63 | 1.24 | 21.6 | 28 | 25.1 | 16.2 | 9.1 | 408 |
Challenges | 1.81 | 0.98 | 47.7 | 32.4 | 13 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 408 |
Healthcare | 2.53 | 1.199 | 23.3 | 29.2 | 26.3 | 13.8 | 7.4 | 408 |
Technology | 2.38 | 1.185 | 28.5 | 29.5 | 22.6 | 14.3 | 5.2 | 408 |
Mean | DT | Never | A Little | Occasionally | Frequently | Always | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic | 2.34 | 0.867 | 11.1 | 57 | 21.1 | 8.6 | 2.2 | 408 |
Politic | 4.18 | 0.823 | 0 | 2 | 20.6 | 35.1 | 42.3 | 408 |
Humor and gossip | 3.69 | 1.09 | 2.9 | 13.5 | 21.1 | 36.1 | 26.3 | 408 |
Health and diet | 3 | 1.109 | 7.6 | 27.8 | 31.9 | 22.1 | 10.6 | 408 |
Fashion | 2.13 | 0.858 | 20.1 | 55.5 | 17 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 408 |
Sports | 2.44 | 0.953 | 12 | 49.1 | 24.8 | 10.6 | 3.4 | 408 |
Entertainment | 2.27 | 0.933 | 19.4 | 47.4 | 21.9 | 9.8 | 1.5 | 408 |
Videogames and tech | 2.13 | 0.837 | 21.4 | 51.4 | 20.9 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 408 |
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Pérez-Escoda, A.; Pedrero-Esteban, L.M.; Rubio-Romero, J.; Jiménez-Narros, C. Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy. Publications 2021, 9, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications9020024
Pérez-Escoda A, Pedrero-Esteban LM, Rubio-Romero J, Jiménez-Narros C. Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy. Publications. 2021; 9(2):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications9020024
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Escoda, Ana, Luis Miguel Pedrero-Esteban, Juana Rubio-Romero, and Carlos Jiménez-Narros. 2021. "Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy" Publications 9, no. 2: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications9020024
APA StylePérez-Escoda, A., Pedrero-Esteban, L. M., Rubio-Romero, J., & Jiménez-Narros, C. (2021). Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy. Publications, 9(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications9020024