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Dentistry Journal
Volume 14
Issue 7
10.3390/dj14070406
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Article

Assessment of the Forces Developed During Orthodontic Treatment Using the Finite Element Method

by
Maria Manuela Nardin
1,
Mihaela-Roxana Brătoiu
1,†,
Cristina Teodora Preoteasa
2,*,
Diana-Elena Vlăduțu
1,*,†,
Dragoș Laurențiu Popa
3,
Alexandra Elena Done
2,
Anne Marie Rauten
4,
Felicia Ileana Mărășescu
4,
Luminița Dăguci
1 and
Veronica Mercuț
1
1
Department of Prosthodontics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
2
Department of Scientific Research Methods-Ergonomics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
3
Department of Automotive, Transportation and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200478 Craiova, Romania
4
Department of Orthodontics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Dent. J. 2026, 14(7), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14070406 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 April 2026 / Revised: 12 June 2026 / Accepted: 15 June 2026 / Published: 4 July 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This “in silico” study investigated the biomechanical behavior of fixed orthodontic systems by analyzing the forces generated by Ni–Ti archwires and their effects on the dento-maxillary system (DMS). The objectives were to estimate force levels for 0.012″, 0.014″, and 0.016″ archwires and to evaluate the resulting stress distribution, displacement and deformation, including the influence of dental malpositions such as infraposition and linguoposition on force transmission. Methods: A three-dimensional (3D) patient-specific model of the DMS was developed and finite element analysis (FEM) was performed. Orthodontic forces were determined analytically based on archwire deformation and applied as equivalent force systems at the bracket level. The analysis was performed under simplified assumptions, including linear elastic material behavior and the absence of bracket–archwire friction. Results: The results indicated a direct relationship between archwire diameter and force magnitude. Increased diameter was associated with higher stress, displacement and deformation values. Simulated infraposition and linguoposition produced localized variations in stress distribution, highlighting the influence of tooth position on biomechanical response. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the simplified analytical and numerical model, archwire diameter plays a significant role in determining force magnitude and stress distribution in orthodontic systems. The findings provide a comparative framework for understanding force transmission, although the results should be interpreted as theoretical estimates under idealized conditions rather than direct predictors of clinical behavior.
Keywords: FEM; Ni-Ti archwire; orthodontic force; orthodontic treatment; bracket FEM; Ni-Ti archwire; orthodontic force; orthodontic treatment; bracket

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nardin, M.M.; Brătoiu, M.-R.; Preoteasa, C.T.; Vlăduțu, D.-E.; Popa, D.L.; Done, A.E.; Rauten, A.M.; Mărășescu, F.I.; Dăguci, L.; Mercuț, V. Assessment of the Forces Developed During Orthodontic Treatment Using the Finite Element Method. Dent. J. 2026, 14, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14070406

AMA Style

Nardin MM, Brătoiu M-R, Preoteasa CT, Vlăduțu D-E, Popa DL, Done AE, Rauten AM, Mărășescu FI, Dăguci L, Mercuț V. Assessment of the Forces Developed During Orthodontic Treatment Using the Finite Element Method. Dentistry Journal. 2026; 14(7):406. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14070406

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nardin, Maria Manuela, Mihaela-Roxana Brătoiu, Cristina Teodora Preoteasa, Diana-Elena Vlăduțu, Dragoș Laurențiu Popa, Alexandra Elena Done, Anne Marie Rauten, Felicia Ileana Mărășescu, Luminița Dăguci, and Veronica Mercuț. 2026. "Assessment of the Forces Developed During Orthodontic Treatment Using the Finite Element Method" Dentistry Journal 14, no. 7: 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14070406

APA Style

Nardin, M. M., Brătoiu, M.-R., Preoteasa, C. T., Vlăduțu, D.-E., Popa, D. L., Done, A. E., Rauten, A. M., Mărășescu, F. I., Dăguci, L., & Mercuț, V. (2026). Assessment of the Forces Developed During Orthodontic Treatment Using the Finite Element Method. Dentistry Journal, 14(7), 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14070406

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