Influence of a Surface Finishing Method on Light Collection Behaviour of PWO Scintillator Crystals
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mechanical Diamond Polishing (MDP)
2.2. Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP)
2.3. Sample Selection and Preparation
2.4. Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GID)
2.5. Light Yield (LY) Measurements
3. Results
3.1. GID
3.2. Surface Finish and Micro-Geometry
3.3. Light Yield (LY)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Arduini, G.; Barranco, J.; Bertarelli, A.; Van der Veken, F.; Biancacci, N.; Bruce, R.; Brüning, O.; Buffat, X.; Cai, Y.; Carver, L.R.; et al. High Luminosity LHC: Challenges and plans. J. Instrum. 2016, 11, C12081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersson, W.I. The PANDA Detector at FAIR. J. Phys. 2016, 770, 012043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apollinari, G.; Béjar Alonso, I.; Brüning, O.; Lamont, M.; Rossi, L. High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In Preliminary Design Report; CERN: Geneve, Switzerland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- David, S.; Georgiou, M.; Fysikopoulos, E.; Belcari, N.; Loudos, G. Imaging performance of silicon photomultipliers coupled to BGO and CsI:Na arrays. J. Instrum. 2013, 8, 12008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- David, S.; Georgiou, M.; Fysikopoulos, E.; Loudos, G. Evaluation of a SiPM array coupled to a Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce (GAGG:Ce) discrete scintillator. Phys. Med. 2015, 31, 763–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lecoq, P. Pushing the Limits in Time-of-Flight PET Imaging. IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci. 2017, 1, 473–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cherry, S.R.; Jones, T.; Karp, J.S.; Qi, J.; Moses, W.W.; Badawi, R.D. Total-Body PET: Maximizing Sensitivity to Create New Opportunities for Clinical Research and Patient Care. J. Nucl. Med. 2018, 59, 3–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mengucci, P.; Di Cristoforo, A.; Lebeau, M.; Majni, G.; Paone, N.; Pietroni, P.; Rinaldi, D. Surface quality inspection of PbWO4 crystals by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 2005, 537, 207–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mengucci, P.; André, G.; Auffray, E.; Barucca, G.; Cecchi, C.; Chipaux, R.; Cousson, A.; Davì, F.; Di Vara, N.; Rinaldi, D.; et al. Structural, Mechanical and Light Yield Characterisation of Heat Treated LYSO:Ce Single Crystals for Medical Imaging Applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 2015, 785, 110–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montalto, L.; Natali, P.P.; Daví, F.; Mengucci, P.; Paone, N.; Rinaldi, D. Characterization of a Defective PbWO4 Crystal Cut Along the a-c Crystallographic Plane: Structural Assessment and a Novel Photoelastic Stress Analysis. J. Instrum. 2017, 12, 12035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Natali, P.P.; Montalto, L.; Daví, F.; Mengucci, P.; Ciriaco, A.; Paone, N.; Rinaldi, D. Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Piezo-Optic Parameters and Photoelastic Constant in Tetragonal PWO. Appl. Opt. 2018, 57, 730–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Montalto, L.; Rinaldi, D.; Paone, N.; Scalise, L.; Davì, F. Photoelastic Sphenoscopic Analysis of Crystals. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2016, 87, 015113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Daví, F.; Rinaldi, D. Mechanical and Optical Properties of Anisotropic Single-Crystal Prisms. J. Elast. 2015, 120, 197–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rinaldi, D.; Daví, F.; Montalto, L. On the Photoelastic Constants and the Brewster Law for Stressed Tetragonal Crystals. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 2018, 41, 3103–3116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, R.; Zhang, L.; Zhu, R.Y. Optical and Scintillation Properties of Inorganic Scintillators in High Energy Physics. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 2008, 55, 2425–2431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vlassak, J.J. A Model for Chemical–Mechanical Polishing of a Material Surface Based on Contact Mechanics. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2004, 52, 847–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diehl, S.; Brinkmann, K.T.; Drexler, P.; Dormenev, V.; Novotny, R.W.; Rosenbaum, C.; Zaunick, H.G. Impact of Non-Uniformity in Light Collection on the Energy Resolution of the PANDA Electromagnetic Calorimeter at Photon Energies Below 1 GeV. J. Phys. 2017, 928, 012040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borgia, B.; Baccaro, S. Tungstate Crystals: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Tungstate Crystals; Università degli studi La Sapienza: Rome, Italy, 1999; ISBN 8887242100. [Google Scholar]
- Diehl, S.; Bremer, D.; Brinkmann, K.T.; Dormenev, V.; Eissner, T.; Novotny, R.W.; Rosenbaum, C.; Zaunick, H.G. Measurements and Optimization of the Light Collection Uniformity in Strongly Tapered PWO Crystals of the PANDA Detector. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 2017, 857, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wapler, W.; Juchem, H.O. Diamond abrasive for Machining glass. Ind. Diam. Rev. 1987, 4, 159–162. [Google Scholar]
- Huerta, M.; Malkin, S. Grinding of Glass: The Mechanics of the Process. J. Eng. Ind. 1976, 459–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malkin, S.; Ritter, J.E. Grinding Mechanisms and Strength Degradation for Ceramics. J. Eng. Ind. 1989, 111, 167–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senguttuvan, N.; Ishii, M.; Tanji, K.; Kittaka, T.; Usuki1, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Nikl, M. Influence of Annealing on the Optical Properties of PbWO4 Single Crystals Grown by the Bridgman Method. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 39, 5134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, R.; Zhang, L.; Zhu, R.Y. Quality of Mass-Produced Lead Tungstate Crystals. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515), Portland, OR, USA, 19–25 October 2003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasap, S.O. Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices, 2nd ed.; University of Saskatchewan: Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Pearson: London, UK, 2013; ISBN 13 9780201610871. [Google Scholar]
MDP Finishing | ||
A—Original lapping | B—Mechanical diamond polishing | |
abrasive | 28 µm corundum in water emulsion | 2 µm polycrystalline. diamond water emulsion |
time-velocity-pressure | 5 min - - manual | 10 min-60 rpm-2N/cm2 |
removal [001] | 50 µm nominal | # 10 µm |
removal [010] | 50 µm nominal | # 10 µm |
CMP Finishing | ||
C—Re-conditioning lapping | D—Chemical mechanical polishing | |
abrasive | 15 µm polycrystalline diamond water emulsion | colloidal silica in 50% water dilution |
Time-velocity-pressure | 10 min-60 rpm-2 N/cm2 | 10 min-60 rpm-2 N/cm2 |
removal [001] | 40 µm average | # 10 µm |
removal [010] | 68 µm average | # 10 µm |
Treatment Sequence for MDP Finishing | Treatment Sequence for CMP Finishing | ||
---|---|---|---|
Operation | Details | Operation | Details |
Starting state | conventional lapping (A) & polishing (B) of 3 side-faces | Lapping (C) | 3 side-faces |
Sampling 1 of crystal 1 | Cutting 1.1 and.1.2 | CMP (D) | 3 side-faces |
GID observations | Plots 1.1 and.1.2 | Sampling 2 of crystal 1 | Cutting 2.1 and 2.2 |
Optical measurement | Crystals 2 & 3 | GID observations | Plots 2.1 and 2.2 |
Sample | Treatment | LY (p.e./MeV) | FNUF (%/X0) | RNUF (%/X0) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | σ | Average | σ | Average | σ | ||
#38138 | MDP | 12.18 | 0.07 | 0.020 | 0.023 | −0.056 | 0.046 |
CMP | 12.28 | 0.06 | −0.180 | 0.020 | −0.012 | 0.040 | |
#32134 | MDP | 13.40 | 0.13 | 0.032 | 0.040 | 0.077 | 0.080 |
CMP | 13.69 | 0.07 | −0.076 | 0.020 | 0.115 | 0.040 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rinaldi, D.; Montalto, L.; Lebeau, M.; Mengucci, P. Influence of a Surface Finishing Method on Light Collection Behaviour of PWO Scintillator Crystals. Photonics 2018, 5, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040047
Rinaldi D, Montalto L, Lebeau M, Mengucci P. Influence of a Surface Finishing Method on Light Collection Behaviour of PWO Scintillator Crystals. Photonics. 2018; 5(4):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040047
Chicago/Turabian StyleRinaldi, Daniele, Luigi Montalto, Michel Lebeau, and Paolo Mengucci. 2018. "Influence of a Surface Finishing Method on Light Collection Behaviour of PWO Scintillator Crystals" Photonics 5, no. 4: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040047
APA StyleRinaldi, D., Montalto, L., Lebeau, M., & Mengucci, P. (2018). Influence of a Surface Finishing Method on Light Collection Behaviour of PWO Scintillator Crystals. Photonics, 5(4), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040047