Creation of Low-Loss Dual-Ring Optical Filter via Temporal Coupled Mode Theory and Direct Binary Search Inverse Design
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis
2.1. Theoretical Analysis of Dual-Ring Optical Filter
2.2. An Analysis of the Frequency Deviation
2.3. Analysis of Intrinsic Loss in MRR
3. Device Design
3.1. The Working Principle of DBS
Algorithm 1. Direct Binary Search Method for Dual-Ring Filter Design |
3.2. Design of Dual-Ring Optical Filter
4. Numerical Calculations
4.1. Optimization Based on DBS
4.2. Transmission Spectra
4.3. Steady-State Field Distribution
4.4. The Fabrication Tolerance of the Device
- (1)
- The radius of air holes in the coupling structure is . We changed the value of to observe its influence on the device’s performance. From Figure 12, we can observe that the change in has a great influence on the insertion loss and extinction ratio of the device. Better performance (transmittance ≥ 80%) can be achieved when the air holes’ radius of is changed from 45.8 nm to 57.2 nm. Otherwise, the transmission efficiency of the device will decrease due to the weak coupling coefficient between rings and waveguides. When , the insertion loss reaches the lowest point. Hence, the fabrication tolerance range for air holes (diameter) in the coupling structure is 22.8 nm.
- (2)
- The radii of the rings in our proposed dual-ring filter are and , respectively. Since changing the radius of either MRR-a or MRR-b will cause mismatch in the resonant wavelength, we changed the value of to observe its influence on the device’s performance. From Figure 13, we can observe that the change in has a great impact on the insertion loss and extinction ratio of the proposed device. Transmittance can exceed 80% when is between 4792.8 nm and 4807.3 nm. However, as the radius perturbation of MRR-a increases, the insertion loss of the device will increase due to the mismatch between the primary resonant peaks of MRR-a and MRR-b. Therefore, the fabrication tolerance for the radius is 14.5 nm.
- (3)
- When analyzing the impact of temperature fluctuations t on device performance, we employed a step of 0.8 K to simulate the temperature change. We utilized the “DEVICE” and “Interconnect” modules in Lumerical software to calculate the insertion loss of the device at temperatures ranging from 280 K to 320 K. When the temperature of silicon changes, the refractive index changes. This causes the resonant peaks of the rings to shift and affects the maximum transmittance. From Figure 14, we can observe that the change in temperature t has relatively little effect on the insertion loss of the device considering the transmittance is higher than 90% when t is between 295 K and 305 K. However, the insertion loss will increase significantly if the temperature variation becomes greater. This is because the temperature fluctuations causes a change in the effective refractive index of the silicon material. Furthermore, the resonant peak of the ring has shifted, and it is unable to confine the light wave at the operation wavelength. Therefore, the temperature tolerance range of the proposed device is from 295 K to 305 K.
5. Discussion
Reference | Method | Insertion Loss (dB) | Extinction Ratio (dB) | FSR (nm) | Line Width (nm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[25] | Manual | 2.2 | 11.5 | 35 | 475 | 0.4 |
[27] | Manual | 0.36 | 25.07 | 7.8 | 0.5 | |
[15] | Manual | 18.5 | 5.8 | 15.76 | - | 10 |
[26] | Manual | 5.6 | 13 | 9 | - | 1 |
[14] | Manual | 1 | 5.78 | 72 | - | 0.62 |
[20] | DBS | 0.86 | 16.8 | 70 | - | |
[21] | DBS | 0.759 | 10.06 | 50 | - | |
[22] | DBS | 0.5 | 20 | 40 | - | |
[23] | DBS | 0.82 | 18.1 | 35 | 2 | |
This work | DBS | 0.3 | 22 | 86 | 0.3 |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
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d | |||
DBS region | |||
Footprint | D |
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Hu, Y.; Wang, T.; Zhou, W.; Hu, B. Creation of Low-Loss Dual-Ring Optical Filter via Temporal Coupled Mode Theory and Direct Binary Search Inverse Design. Photonics 2025, 12, 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070681
Hu Y, Wang T, Zhou W, Hu B. Creation of Low-Loss Dual-Ring Optical Filter via Temporal Coupled Mode Theory and Direct Binary Search Inverse Design. Photonics. 2025; 12(7):681. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070681
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Yuchen, Tong Wang, Wen Zhou, and Bo Hu. 2025. "Creation of Low-Loss Dual-Ring Optical Filter via Temporal Coupled Mode Theory and Direct Binary Search Inverse Design" Photonics 12, no. 7: 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070681
APA StyleHu, Y., Wang, T., Zhou, W., & Hu, B. (2025). Creation of Low-Loss Dual-Ring Optical Filter via Temporal Coupled Mode Theory and Direct Binary Search Inverse Design. Photonics, 12(7), 681. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070681