Blue Light and Eye Damage: A Review on the Impact of Digital Device Emissions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. What Is the Blue Light Emission from Digital Devices Impact?
1.1.1. Retinal Impact
1.1.2. Impact on Crystalline Lens
1.1.3. Impact on the Cornea and Ocular Surface
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Retinal Damage from Blue Light
4.2. Blue Light Exposure by Digital Devices
4.3. Relationship between Digital Devices and Ocular Structures
- high daily use of digital devices;
- little or no exposure to digital devices daily.
- We also propose to create the following guidelines:
- duration of daily exposure administration set to at least 1 year if no blue light damage occurs earlier;
- the lowest light intensity set to approximately the average of that emitted by personal digital devices;
- if a relationship is found between blue light exposure and RPE cell layer damage at each intensity tested, this relationship can be extrapolated to the light levels of all digital devices;
- after extrapolation, if the duration of exposure required to damage the RPE cell layers is within the range that a person might experience over a lifetime using these devices, this may indicate that their use may lead to retinal damage;
- otherwise, it suggests that the use of such devices is not harmful to the retina.
5. Conclusions
- investigate and relate the impacts on the eye health of shift workers more exposed to artificial lighting;
- the effects of blue light on circadian rhythms and ocular health at different stages of life;
- interventions in the investigation of light exposure and the inhibition of myopia in children may also be of great interest;
- the impact of the retina overexposure to blue wavelengths from common white light sources;
- how to mitigate health and environmental lighting impacts while maintaining the obvious benefits of using artificial light at night;
- impact of long-term use of digital devices on the cornea, lens and retina;
- a multidisciplinary approach that develops progress in research on safety in the use of artificial blue light and digital devices and their implications for users.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hipólito, V.; Coelho, J.M.P. Blue Light and Eye Damage: A Review on the Impact of Digital Device Emissions. Photonics 2023, 10, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050560
Hipólito V, Coelho JMP. Blue Light and Eye Damage: A Review on the Impact of Digital Device Emissions. Photonics. 2023; 10(5):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050560
Chicago/Turabian StyleHipólito, Vladimiro, and João M. P. Coelho. 2023. "Blue Light and Eye Damage: A Review on the Impact of Digital Device Emissions" Photonics 10, no. 5: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050560