Blood is a crucial part of the human body. It is a reasonably quickly circulating fluid that provides nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal from the body. Even though blood is mostly liquid with many cells and proteins suspended in it and a thicker liquid than pure water. Blood is composed of several components, but the plasma and blood cells are important among them. These blood cells comprise several components, such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets [
1], whereas plasma contains water and Albumin. The refractive index of plasma is dependent on water and albumin concentration [
2] whereas the refractive index of blood cells is dependent on RBC and platelets concentration. The concentration of water plays a vital role in the refractive index of plasma and blood components MCH, MPV, and MCHC [
3,
4]. Slight changes may directly influence the blood parameter. The amount of ingested water retained in the circulation can’t be accurately estimated by looking at the blood’s water content as a percentage of body weight since corpuscles take up a more significant proportion of a blood sample’s volume [
5,
6]. As the concentration of corpuscles increases, the percentage of water in the sample decreases. The relation between blood refractive index is dependent on the concentration of RBCs and plasma, with the concentration ratio of 45% and 55%, respectively in a normal person [
7,
8]. For a person identified with blood diseases, the concentration of RBC or plasma changes, and according to those changes, the refractive index of blood changes [
9,
10]. The blood plasma is extracted from Centrifuging anticoagulation whole blood at 2500 rpm for 10 min yielding plasma and erythrocytes. After centrifuging the blood, saline water solution cleaned the erythrocytes and spun them down at a low speed until the supernatant was clear [
11]. Homolysis was released when erythrocyte samples were thawed and frozen four times (20 °C). Once cell membranes were removed from the dialysis saline solution (pH 7.4), the concentration was deposited in the dialysis to eliminate small molecular weight impurities. All samples are always kept at pH 7.4 [
12]. Diseases such as kidney and liver disorders affect the concentration of water in the blood. Therefore, the concentration of water in the blood may be used to detect the presence of these decreases. The challenge is in getting high sensitivity and reliability apart from other things. The materials, structures and characteristics of sensors play a crucial role in determining their sensitivity and reliability. Photonic crystal structures are very well suited for estimating the concentration of water in the blood because the refractive index of blood (and of blood plasma) is a function of the concentration of water in the blood. This paper reports the development of a photonic crystal device that can estimate change (or shift) in refractive index when the material filling the cavity of the device is changed. It is therefore possible to find the refractive index in two states, the sensor cavity filled with air and the cavity filled with a blood sample. This will lead to the estimation of water concentration in the blood hemoglobin by the Equation (
1) [
13,
14]
where
represent the refractive index,
is the refractive index of blood,
is the refractive index of RBC,
is the refractive index of plasma,
is the concentration of RBC in blood and
is the concentration of plasma in blood. For normal conditions the concentration of RBC, concentration of plasma and refractive index of RBC is constant. As the concentration of water changes, the refractive index of plasma also changes and due to this change in the refractive index of plasma, the refractive index of blood also changes.
The refractive index of plasma is calculated by Equation (
3)
where
is the refractive index of plasma,
is the refractive index of water,
is the refractive index of Albumin,
is the concentration of water in plasma and
is the concentration of Albumin in plasma. The water and albumin concentrations in plasma are 90% and 10%, respectively. For a normal person the water and albumin
Equation (
4) is used to calculate the refractive index by the concentration of water and Albumin. If the water concentration or albumin concentration changes, the refractive index of plasma also changes. The Cauchy equation calculates the refractive index of plasma is given in Equation (
5) [
9]
where
is the refractive index of plasma dependent on the wavelength
of the input signal. A, B, and C are the Cauchy equation’s constant parameters. The values of the A, B, and C parameters are dependent on the material. For plasma cells, the value of A, B, and C for the plasma concentration of 5.5 g/dL in the blood are as follows:
For this model initially data is prepare for identification of disease. This data contain the refractive index of plasma and surrounding liquid and structure of plasma, height and weight of person. The refractive index of plasma is measures through design structure. After the detection of plasma refractive index for different parameter, analyze to identify that any serious health issue or not.
This paper designs a two-dimension PhC biosensor for the estimation of water concentration. In
Section 1, the effect of water concentration is discussed. The introduction and literature related to the effect of water concentration are discussed in this section.
Section 2 discussed the numerical analysis of the photonic structure to calculate the photonic bandgap of the device and sensitivity and quality factor parameters. The parameter of the designed structure and designing of the proposed structure is discussed in
Section 3.
Section 4 discussed the simulation result and conclusion of this paper.