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Review

Inventory of Metazoan Parasites Associated with Anostomids in South America

by
Wallas Benevides Barbosa de Sousa
1,2,
Maria Fernanda Barros Gouveia Diniz
2,* and
Fabio Hideki Yamada
2
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa CEP 58059-900, PB, Brazil
2
Laboratório de Ecologia Parasitária (LABEP), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais (PPGDR), Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Crato CEP 63105-000, CE, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Limnol. Rev. 2026, 26(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26010011
Submission received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 16 March 2026 / Accepted: 20 March 2026 / Published: 22 March 2026
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

Anostomidae is one of the most diverse families within the order Characiformes and is widely distributed across the river basins of the Neotropical region. Anostomids are known to host a rich diversity of metazoan parasites, including ectoparasites, such as monopisthocotylans, and endoparasites, such as nematodes, cestodes, and digeneans. The present study aims to develop an inventory of metazoan parasites recorded in fish of the Anostomidae family. A bibliographic review of metazoan parasite species in anostomids was conducted, using searches in different databases. This bibliographic review was complemented with information from books and book chapters on ictioparasitology. The data were compiled until January 2025. Based on the review, 191 taxa (126 are described at the species level and 65 were identified only to the genus level or higher taxonomic categories) of metazoan parasites associated with anostomid fishes were found. Monopisthocotyla and Nematoda were the taxonomic groups with the most parasitic associations at the species level, with 31 and 30 species, respectively. This study presents a comprehensive and updated inventory of metazoan parasites associated with fish from the family Anostomidae, covering over 170 years of research (1850–2025). This survey highlights the importance of anostomids as hosts for a rich parasitic fauna.

1. Introduction

Anostomidae is one of the most diverse families within the order Characiformes and is widely distributed across the river basins of the Neotropical region [1,2,3]. These fish play important ecological roles, such as nutrient cycling and the control of aquatic vegetation, due to their predominantly detritivorous and herbivorous feeding habits [1,4,5]. In addition to their ecological relevance, anostomids are known to host a rich diversity of metazoan parasites, including ectoparasites, such as monopisthocotylans, and endoparasites, such as nematodes, cestodes, and digeneans [6,7]. The relationship between these hosts and their parasites reflects the complexity of ecological interactions in aquatic ecosystems and can provide valuable insights into the biogeography and evolution of these organisms [8,9,10,11,12].
The diversity of parasites found in species of the Anostomidae family reflects both the wide distribution of these fish and their exposure to various habitats and environmental interactions, which facilitates colonization by specific parasites [13]. This phenomenon has been extensively documented in studies of the parasitofauna of Neotropical fish, where monopisthocotylans, digeneans, and nematodes emerge as the most frequently encountered parasitic groups [6,7,14,15].
Despite the wealth of data accumulated over the past few decades on parasites of fish in the Anostomidae family, much of the information remains fragmented and scattered in the scientific literature [6,7,13]. Although several studies have described new parasites and recorded their associations with different host species [14,15,16,17,18,19,20], the lack of a comprehensive and systematic compilation hinders a complete understanding of the diversity and parasitic interactions within this fish family [13]. In light of this knowledge gap and the growing relevance of studies on parasites and their interactions with hosts, the present study aims to develop an inventory of metazoan parasites recorded in fish of the Anostomidae family.

2. Materials and Methods

A bibliographic review of metazoan parasite species in anostomids was conducted, using searches in different databases (SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct, Lilacs, Periódico Capes, and ResearchGate) through Google Scholar. The following keywords were used: Anostomidae, helminth parasite, Hypomasticus, ictioparasitology, Leporellus, Leporinus, Megaleporinus. Metazoan parasites, Rhytiodus, and Schizodon. Among the various genera of Anostomidae occurring in Brazil, only the five mentioned above have available data regarding their parasitic fauna. This bibliographic review was complemented with information from books and book chapters on ictioparasitology. The data were compiled until January 2025. The systematic classification used for metazoan parasite species was based on WoRMS [21], and the classification of anostomid fishes was based on Froese & Pauly [2].
The distribution of parasitic associations was mapped using metadata from studies on anostomid parasites in South America. For the map’s creation, all studies containing precise geographic coordinates were selected. The map was generated using QGIS Desktop 3.28.2 [22], based on data from the metadata catalog of the Agencia Nacional de Águas [23].

3. Results

This study presents a comprehensive and updated inventory of metazoan parasites associated with fish from the family Anostomidae, covering over 170 years of research (1850–2025). Based on the review, 191 taxa (126 are described at the species level; and 65 were identified only to the genus level or higher taxonomic categories) of metazoan parasites associated with anostomid fishes were found, belonging to the following taxonomic groups: Myxozoa, Monopisthocotyla, Digenea, Aspidogastridae, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Branchiura, Copepoda, Isopoda, and Mollusca.
Monopisthocotyla and Nematoda were the taxonomic groups with the most parasitic associations, with 45 (31 are described at the species level) and 48 (30 are described at the species level), respectively. Together, they represent more than 48% of the total number of species recorded for the Anostomidae family. The species Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1929 stood out as the parasite species with the highest number of records in hosts from the Anostomidae family, being found in 20 different fish species from this family (Table 1).
The genus Leporinus had the highest number of recorded parasite species, with 79 identified species (out of 81 taxa), followed by the genera Megaleporinus, with 47 species (out of 81 taxa), and Schizodon, with 43 species. The host species with the highest number of parasitic associations at the species level were: Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794) with 38 associations, Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837) and Megaleporinus elongatus (Valenciennes, 1850), with 28 each, and Schizodon borellii (Boulenger, 1900) with 25 (Table 1).
Regarding the geographical distribution of metazoan parasites in anostomids, records were found in nine South American river basins (Figure 1). The majority of species were recorded in hosts from the Paraná River basin, with 75 identified species (out of 127 taxa), followed by the Amazon River basin, with 69 species (out of 86 taxa). The other basins had fewer than 20 taxa.

4. Discussion

In the present study, 126 species of parasites were recorded associated with 34 species of anostomids, resulting in an average of 3.7 parasites per host fish species. To date, the family Anostomidae has approximately 162 described species [2]. If we assume that each fish species may harbor about 3 to 4 different species of metazoan parasites, its actual parasitofauna could range from 486 to 648. However, this number could be much higher, considering that, in some hosts, such as L. friderici, M. obtusidens, M. elongatus, and S. borellii, more than 20 species of parasites have been reported.
Monopisthocotyla and Nematoda were the taxonomic groups with the highest number of species associated with anostomids, which aligns with expectations, as these groups are frequently the most encountered in neotropical freshwater fish [6,14,39,42]. This predominance can be explained by the fact that most Monopisthocotyla species, associated with fish, parasitize the gills, a highly exposed location, which facilitates direct transmission between hosts [6,8,134,135,136]. Nematodes, in turn, have more complex life cycles and generally depend on intermediate hosts, such as crustaceans and small fish, which are abundant in freshwater ecosystems, potentially increasing their diversity between definitive and paratenic hosts [7,137,138].
Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus was the species recorded in the highest number of anostomid fish. According to Neves et al. [138], this nematode has been recorded in over 80 host species, belonging to 19 families and five different orders in Brazil. Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus has low host specificity and high adaptability to different freshwater habitats in Brazil, which enables it to have a wide geographic distribution [137,138]. Parasites like P. (S.) inopinatus, which infect a broad range of hosts, are highly resistant to environmental changes, increasing their chances of expanding their geographic distribution and resource use [138,139,140].
The genus Leporinus stands out as the group with the highest number of parasitic associations, totaling 79 parasite species and approximately 35 unidentified taxa at the species level, recorded to date. This result can be attributed to two main factors: first, Leporinus is the most diverse genus within the family Anostomidae, representing more than half of the described species in this family [2]. Second, the broad geographic distribution of these fish, which occur in a variety of aquatic habitats across South America, from fast-flowing rivers to lakes and flooded areas [1,138], increases the likelihood of exposure to a diverse parasitic fauna [6,7]. This combination of high host diversity and wide geographic distribution creates a favorable scenario for parasite speciation and colonization, resulting in a rich network of ecological interactions. Additionally, the ecological plasticity of many Leporinus species, which occupy different trophic niches and habitats throughout their life cycle, may facilitate infection by a variety of metazoan parasites [2,7,141].
Leporinus friderici stands out as the species with the highest number of parasitic associations among anostomids, a result that can be attributed to both its ecological characteristics and its broad geographic distribution. The opportunistic feeding behavior of L. friderici is a key factor influencing its susceptibility to parasitism. This species alters its diet in response to environmental changes, consuming detritus, algae, and small invertebrates, which exposes it to a wide variety of parasites at different life stages [47,142]. Additionally, L. friderici has an extensive geographic distribution, occurring in various aquatic environments across South America, such as fast-flowing rivers, lakes, flooded areas, and floodplains [1,2,141,143]. This ecological plasticity increases the chances of contact with a diversity of parasites, which may be associated with different habitats and intermediate hosts, such as mollusks, crustaceans, and other aquatic invertebrates [14,32,47,52,54].
The results of this review highlight Brazil as the country with the highest number of parasite records in fish of the family Anostomidae, with 120 species and approximately 67 unidentified taxa at the species level. This finding reflects not only the high diversity of anostomids in the country but also the intensity of parasitological studies conducted in Brazilian territory [6,14,15]. Additionally, parasites of anostomids have been recorded in nine South American river basins, with emphasis on the Paraná and Amazon River basins. This predominance may be related to the greater richness of anostomid species in these basins, as well as the greater availability of habitats and ecological conditions favorable to the diversification of both hosts and their parasites [1,2,144]. The correlation between parasite diversity and host richness in large river basins reinforces the importance of these ecosystems as hotspots of parasitic biodiversity [14,32,61,136].

5. Conclusions

This survey highlights the importance of anostomids as hosts for a rich parasitic fauna. These results indicate that, although knowledge of the parasitofauna of anostomids has significantly advanced, there are still important gaps, particularly in under-sampled regions of South America. Therefore, future studies should focus on expanding parasitological knowledge to other areas of the anostomid distribution, aiming to improve the understanding of the biogeography and ecology of the parasites associated with this fish family.

Author Contributions

Writing the manuscript and methodology, W.B.B.d.S. and M.F.B.G.D.; review-editing, F.H.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The study received partial support through research grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)—for the productivity research grant awarded to F.H.Y. (174814/2023-2), and for the research grant to F.H.Y. (304502/2022-7); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—W.B.B.d.S. (88887.704478/2022-00); and Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (FUNCAP)—M.F.B.G.D. (BMD-0008-02422.01.09/23).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data produced in this study are fully included in the publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Limnolrev 26 00011 g001
Figure 1. Geographic distribution of parasitic associations with fish of the Anostomidae family in South American river basins.
Figure 1. Geographic distribution of parasitic associations with fish of the Anostomidae family in South American river basins.
Limnolrev 26 00011 g001
Table 1. List of metazoan parasites associated with anostomids in South America (1850–2025).
Table 1. List of metazoan parasites associated with anostomids in South America (1850–2025).
ParasiteHostLocalitiesReference
Myxozoa
Ceratomyxa affinis Reis, Carvalho, Ferreira, Morais, Souza, Araujo & Videira, 2025Leporinus affinisAmazon River Basin, Brazil[24]
Ceratomyxa anomala Müller, Atkinson, Bartholomew & Adriano, 2025Schizodon fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[25]
Ceratomyxa deformis Müller, Atkinson, Bartholomew & Adriano, 2025Schizodon fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[25]
Myxidium ceccarelli Adriano, Silva, Atikinson, Batholomew & Maia, 2014Megaleporinus elongatusSão Francisco River Basin, Brazil[26]
Henneguya azevedoi Barassa, Adriano, Cordeiro, Arana & Ceccarelli, 2012Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Brazil[27]
Henneguya caudicula Eiras, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2008Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,28]
Henneguya friderici Casal, Matos & Azevedo, 2003Leporinus fridericiWestern Northeast Atlantic Basin; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[29,30]
Henneguya leporini Nemeczek, 1926Hypomasticus mormyropsAmazon River Basin, Brazil[31,32]
Henneguya leporinicola Martins, Souza, Moraes & Moraes, 1999Megaleporinus macrocephalusParaná River Basin, Brazil[33,34]
Henneguya paranaensis Eiras, Pavanelli & Takemoto, 2004Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[35]
Henneguya schizodon Eiras, Malta, Varela & Pavanelli, 2004Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[36]
Henneguya visíbilis Moreira, Adriano, Silva, Ceccarelli & Maia, 2014Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Brazil[37]
Henneguya sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus conirostris; Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borelliiEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; Parnaíba River, Brazil; Southeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[15,17,38,39,40]
Myxobolus associatus Nemeczek, 1926Hypomasticus mormyropsAmazon River Basin, Brazil[31,32]
Monogenea
Monogenea fam. gen. sp.Leporellus vittatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon knerii; Schizodon nasutusParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,41,42,43]
Dactylogyridae fam. gen. sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[15,17,19,44,45,46,47,48]
Amphithecium sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14]
Anacanthorus penilabiatus Boeger, Husak & Martins, 1995Megaleporinus macrocephalusParaná River Basin, Brazil[49]
Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp.Leporinus friderici; Schizodon borellii; Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,50]
Annulotrematoides sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14]
Apedunculata sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14]
Cleidodiscus sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,51]
Demidospermus paravalenciennesi Gutiérrez & Suriano, 1992Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[52]
Jainus Amazon Riverensis Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1980Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[52]
Jainus beccus Yamada, Müller, Zago, Yamada, Ebert, Franceschini & Silva, 2023Leporinus friderici; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus piau; Leporinus striatus; Megaleporinus elongatusEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[15,17,20]
Jainus leporini Abdallah, Azevedo & Luque, 2012Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; Southeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[52,53,54,55]
Jainus ornatus Yamada, Müller, Zago, Yamada, Ebert, Franceschini & Silva, 2023Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[20]
Jainus piava Karling, Bellay, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2011Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon nasutusParaná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,19,20,47,48,56,57]
Jainus radixelongatus Yamada, Müller, Zago, Yamada, Ebert, Franceschini & Silva, 2023Leporinus friderici; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus piau; Leporinus striatus; Megaleporinus elongatusEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[15,20]
Jainus sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil; Southeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,39,42,47,50,51,57,58]
Kritskyia eirasi Guidelli, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2003Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidensAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,32,35,42,46,48,50,51]
Kritskyia sp.Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,51]
Mymarothecioides sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[19]
Rhinoxenus arietinus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988Leporinus agassizii; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Rhytiodus argenteofuscus; Schizodon altoparanae; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon corti; Schizodon sp.Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,19,32,42,48,50,51,52,59,60]
Rhinoxenus euryxenus Domingues & Boeger, 2005Leporinus agassiziiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[32,60]
Rhinoxenus nyttus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988Leporinus agassizii; Schizodon corti; Schizodon sp.Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[32,59,60]
Rhinoxenus sp.Megaleporinus macrocephalusParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42]
Tereancistrum flabellum Zago, Yamada, Franceschini, Bongiovani, Yamada & Da Silva, 2017Leporinus amblyrhynchus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus elongatusEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[15,61]
Tereancistrum paranaensis Karling, Lopes, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2014Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon intermediusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,15,17,19,35,46,48,62,63,64]
Tereancistrum parvus Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1980Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon nasutusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,15,17,19,32,42,46,48,50,51,54,55,57,61,62,63,65]
Tereancistrum sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,42,47,50,51,54,57,58]
Trinibaculum rotundus Karling, Lopes, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2011Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,35,66]
Trinibaculum sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14]
Urocleidoides aimarai Moreira, Scholz & Luque, 2015Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[52]
Urocleidoides amapaensis Santos Neto, Domingues, Oliveira & Soares, 2025Schizodon fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[67]
Urocleidoides cuiabai Rosim, Mendoza-Franco & Luque, 2011Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[52]
Urocleidoides digitabulum Zago, Yamada, De Oliveira Fadel Yamada, Franceschini, Bongiovani & da Silva, 2020Leporinus friderici; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus elongatusEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[15,18]
Urocleidoides eremitus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[46,52,55]
Urocleidoides falxus Zago, Yamada, De Oliveira Fadel Yamada, Franceschini, Bongiovani & da Silva, 2020Megaleporinus elongatusParaná River Basin, Brazil[18]
Urocleidoides itabocaensis Santos-Neto & Domingues, 2024Pseudanos trimaculatusTocantins-Araguaia Basin, Brazil[68]
Urocleidoides jariensis Oliveira, Santos-Neto, Tavares-Dias & Domingues, 2020Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[69]
Urocleidoides omphalocleithrum Santos-Neto & Domingues, 2024Pseudanos trimaculatusTocantins-Araguaia Basin, Brazil[68]
Urocleidoides paradoxus Kritsky, Thatcher & Boeger, 1986Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Rhytiodus microlepis; Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,15,17,19,32,42,46,48,50,51,52,54,55,69,70,71]
Urocleidoides ramentacuminatus Oliveira, Santos-Neto, Tavares-Dias & Domingues, 2020Laemolyta proxima; Schizodon corti; Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[19,69]
Urocleidoides sapucaiensis Zago, Yamada, De Oliveira Fadel Yamada, Franceschini, Bongiovani & da Silva, 2020Megaleporinus elongatusParaná River Basin, Brazil[18]
Urocleidoides sinus Zago, Yamada, De Oliveira Fadel Yamada, Franceschini, Bongiovani & da Silva, 2020Leporinus striatus; Schizodon intermedius; Schizodon nasutusParaná River Basin, Brazil[18]
Urocleidoides solarivaginatus Zago, Yamada, De Oliveira Fadel Yamada, Franceschini, Bongiovani & da Silva, 2020Leporinus friderici; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus striatusParaná River Basin, Brazil[18]
Urocleidoides sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borellii;Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,15,17,42,47,48,50,51,52,54,57,58]
Scleroductus yuncensi Jara & Cone, 1989Hypomasticus copelandiiSoutheast Atlantic Basin[39]
Microcotyle sp.Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[46]
Digenea
Digenea fam. gen. sp. Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[17,42,47,57]
Sanguinicola sp.Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[17,43]
Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814; Braun, 1899)Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[42,50,51]
Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819; Braun, 1899)Leporinus fridericiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[54]
Clinostomum sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[42,58,72,73]
Ithyoclinostomum dimorphum (Diesing, 1850; Witenberg, 1925)Schizodon borellii; Schizodon cortiParaná River Basin, Brazil[42,58,72,73,74]
Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928; Dubois, 1970)Leporinus amblyrhynchus; Leporinus piau; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon intermedius; Schizodon nasutusEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,15,17,19,42,75,76,77]
Diplostomum lunaschiae Locke, Drago, Núñez, Rangel e Souza & Takemoto, 2020Leporinus piauEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[15,16,78]
Diplostomum sp.Leporinus friderici; Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51,58,72,73]
Neodiplostomum sp.Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,51]
Tylodelphys sp.Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Diplostomidae gen. sp.Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,43,57]
Cystodiplostomum sp.Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Herpetodiplostomum sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Strigeidae gen. sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus octofasciatusParaná River Basin, Brazil[44,79]
Creptotrema creptotrema Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus sp. Megaleporinus conirostris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Argentina; Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; Southeast Atlantic Basin[14,32,39,42,50,51,79,80,81,82,83]
Creptotrema lynchi Brooks, 1976Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus octofasciatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Argentina; Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,32,42,44,48,51,79,83,84]
Creptotrema sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51,79]
Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850)Hypomasticus copelandii; Laemolyta taeniata; Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus reinhardti; Pseudanos trimaculatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; São Francisco River Basin, Brazil; Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, Brazil[32,46,74,79,80,81,85,86,87,88,89]
Pseudocladorchis nephrodorchis Daday, 1907Laemolyta taeniataAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Dadaytrema oxycephalum (Diesing, 1850; Vaz, 1932)Leporinus sp. Amazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Genarchella astyanactis (Watson, 1976; Scholz, Vargas-Vazquez & Salgado-Maldonado, 1995)Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,43]
Genarchella genarchella Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Argentina; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, Brazil[48,89,90]
Genarchella parva Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Argentina[90]
Echinostomatidae gen. sp.Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Phyllodistomum sp.Laemolyta taeniataAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Chalcinotrema lucieni Brooks, 1977Megaleporinus muyscorumAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Magdalena River Basin, Colombia[32,91]
Chalcinotrema platense (Lunaschi, 1984; Overstreet & Curran, 2005)Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,58,72,73]
Chalcinotrema thatcheri Kohn, Fernandes & Gibson, 1999Leporinus lacustris; Schizodon knerii; Schizodon nasutusParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51,92]
Megacoelium plecostomi Szidat, 1954Schizodon borelliParaná River Basin, Brazil[93]
Megacoelium sp.Megaleporinus piavussu; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,51]
Paralecithobothrys brasiliensis Freitas, 1947Leporinus friderici; Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon knerii; Schizodon nasutusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,32,42,50,51,58,72,73,79,81,93,94]
Saccocoelioides magniovatus Szidat, 1954Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borelliAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51,93]
Saccocoelioides magnus Szidat, 1954Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon knerii; Schizodon nasutusParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Saccocoelioides nanii Szidat, 1954Megaleporinus obtusidensSouth Atlantic Basin, Brazil[48]
Saccocoelioides saccodontis Thatcher, 1978Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus elongatusMagdalena Basin, Colombia; Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[17,32,42,50,51,95]
Saccocoelioides szidati Travassos, Freitas & Kohn, 1969Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon cortiParaná River Basin, Argentina; Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,32,43,48,96,97,98,99]
Saccocoelioides sp.Schizodon nasutusParaná River Basin, Brazil[79]
Crassicutis intermedia (Szidat, 1954; Bray, de Chambrier & Vaucher, 1996)Hypomasticus copelandiiSouth Atlantic Basin, Brazil[100]
Aspidogastridae
Aspidogastridae gen. sp.Megaleporinus obtusidensSouth Atlantic Basin, Brazil[48]
Cestoda
Cestoda fam. gen. sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,43,58]
Onchoproteocephalidea fam. gen. sp.Leporellus vittatus; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[14,74]
Gibsoniela sp.Leporinus jamesiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Monticellia sp.Leporinus sp. Amazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Proteocephalidea gen. sp.Leporellus vittatusParaná River Basin, Brazil[42]
Proteocephalus vazzolerae Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1995Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,35,42,50,51,93]
Nematoda
Nematoda fam. gen. sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus octofasciatus; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Pseudanos trimaculatus; Rhytiodus microlepis; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[44,58,74,79]
Eustrongylides sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,51,79]
Anisakidae gen. sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporellus vittatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,43,51,79]
Contracaecum sp.Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus jamesi; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus piavussu; Pseudanos trimaculatus; Schizodon borelli; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin, Brazil[14,42,47,48,50,51,54,57,74,93,101]
Cosmoxynema sp.Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Hysterothylacium sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51,93]
Goezia brevicaeca Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1994Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Goezia leporini Martins & Yoshitoshi, 2003Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[46,102,103]
Goezia spinulosa (Diesing, 1839)Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Goezia sp.Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[43]
Amplicaecum sp.Hypomasticus copelandiiParaná River Basin, Brazil[79,81]
Porrocaecum sp.Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Brazil[17,42,51]
Klossinemella iheringi (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928)Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32]
Paracapillaria (Paracapillaria) piscicola (Travassos, Artigas & Pereria, 1928; Mendonça, 1963)Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporellus vittatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32]
Procamallanus (Procamallanus) peraccuratus Pinto, Fabio, Noronha & Rolas, 1976Leporinus jamesiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) amarali Vaz & Pereira, 1934Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuAmazon River Basin, Brazil[14,42,47,50,51,57,79,104,105]
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) iheringi Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon corti; Schizodon nasutusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,32,42,47,50,51,57,58,72,73,79,81,105,106,107]
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus jamesi; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus moralesi; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus piau; Leporinus striatus; Leporinus taeniatus; Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Megaleporinus reinhardti; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon knerii; Schizodon nasutus; Anostomoides passionis; Hypomasticus copelandiiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; São Francisco River Basin, Brazil[14,15,17,32,39,43,44,46,50,54,55,58,72,73,74,79,80,81,93,101,105,106,107,108,109,110,111]
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscensis (Moreira, Oliveira & Costa, 1994)Leporinus piauEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil [11,109]
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) wrighti (Pereira, 1935)Leporinus sp. Amazon River Basin, Brazil[32]
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp.Leporinus lacustrisParaná River Basin, Brazil[58]
Procamallanus sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus octofasciatus; Leporinus striatus; Leporinus sp.; Schizodon altoparanaeParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,58,105]
Serpinema trispinosum (Leidy, 1852)Leporinus taeniatusEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[11]
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) brevispiculus Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1993Hypomasticus copelandiiSoutheast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[39]
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) mogi Travassos, 1947Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus sp.Amazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[32,79,81,112]
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai pinnai Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Hypomasticus copelandi; Leporinus jamesii; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,32,42,44,45,58,72,73,74,79,93,113]
Cucullanus sp.Megaleporinus obtusidensSouth Atlantic Basin, Brazil[48]
Dichelyne leporini Petter, 1989Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil; Paraguay River Basin, Paraguay[14,32,42,43,50,51,114]
Cystidicoloides sp.Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Spinitectus asperus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Leporinus fridericiParaná River Basin, Brazil[47]
Spinitectus jamundensis Thatcher & Padilha, 1977Leporinus striatus; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Argentina; Paraguay River Basin, Paraguay[113,115]
Ancyracanthus schubarti (Kohn, Gomes & Motta, 1968)Leporinus octofasciatus; Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[58,72,73,79]
Brevimulticaecum sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,46,50,51]
Cosmoxynema vianai Travassos, 1949Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei Travassos, 1949Leporinus moralesi; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Cosmoxynemoides sp.Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Ichthyouris brasiliensis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1992Laemolyta taeniataAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Ichthyouris laterifilamenta Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1992Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Ichthyouris nunani Cárdenas, Fernandes, Justo & Cohen, 2019Laemolyta taeniataTocantins-Araguaia Basin, Brazil[116]
Neoparaseuratum travassosi Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes, 1992Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Rhabdochona acuminata (Molin, 1860)Leporellus vittatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[32,46,47,55,57,79]
Rondonia rondoni Travassos, 1920Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus sp.Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, Brazil[89]
Ancyracanthus schubarti (Kohn, Gomes & Motta, 1968)Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus octofasciatus; Schizodon borelliiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[17,32,42,50,51,117,118]
Capillariidae gen. sp. Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon cortiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,43]
Capillostrongyloides minima (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928)Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus elongatus; Schizodon nasutusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[32,79,80,81]
Capillostrongyloides sentinosa (Travassos, 1927)Leporinus sp.; Megaleporinus elongatus; Schizodon nasutusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[32,42,51]
Capillostrongyloides sp. Leporellus vittatusParaná River Basin, Brazil[79]
Trichuridae sp.Schizodon cortiParaná River Basin, Brazil[119]
Acanthocephala
Acanthocephala fam. gen. sp.Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon altoparanae; Schizodon knerii; Schizodon nasutus; Schizodon altoparanaeEastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[11,14,42,43,58,79]
Echinorhynchida fam. gen. sp.Laemolyta taeniata; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Echinorhynchus salobrensis Machado Filho, 1948Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[93]
Echinorhynchus sp.Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; South Atlantic Basin; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,48,58,72,73,74]
Quadrigyrus torquatus Van Cleave, 1920Laemolyta taeniata; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustrisAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51,74]
Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) curemai Noronha, 1973Laemolyta taeniataAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) veropesoi Melo, Costa, Giese, Gardner & Santos, 2015Laemolyta taeniataAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Neoechinorhynchus sp.Leporinus fridericiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[101]
Octospiniferoides incognita Schmidt & Hugghins, 1973Laemolyta taeniata; Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Rhytiodus microlepis; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,32,41,42,48,49,52,56,69,70,71,72,91]
Octospiniferoides sp. Leporinus sp.; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[74]
Branchiura
Argulus chicomendesi Malta & Varella, 2000Leporinus affinis; Rhytiodus microlepis; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32,71,120]
Argulus elongatus Heller, 1857Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[121]
Argulus sp.Leporinus friderici: Leporinus lacustris: Megaleporinus macrocephalus: Megaleporinus obtusidens: Megaleporinus piavussu: Rhytiodus microlepisAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[14,32,42,49,50,51]
Dolops bidentata (Bouvier, 1899)Rhytiodus microlepisAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32,71]
Dolops discoidalis Bouvier, 1899Megaleporinus macrocephalus; Rhytiodus argenteofuscus; Rhytiodus microlepisAmazon River Basin, Brazil[55,71,121]
Dolops nana Lemos de Castro, 1950Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Dolops striata (Bouvier, 1899)Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus sp.; Rhytiodus microlepis; Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32,71,122]
Dolops sp.Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[42]
Copepoda
Ergasilidae gen. sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,47]
Amplexibranchius sp.Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussuParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,51]
Brasergasilus guaporensis Malta, 1995Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32,123]
Brasergasilus sp.Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[19]
Ergasilus bryconis Thatcher, 1981Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,19,42,51]
Ergasilus leporinidis Thatcher, 1981Leporinus fasciatus; Rhytiodus microlepisAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32,71,124]
Ergasilus triangularis Malta, 1996Laemolyta taeniataAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32,125]
Ergasilus turucuyus Malta & Varella, 1996Leporinus affinisAmazon River Basin, Brazil[120]
Ergasilus sp.Leporinus fasciatus; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus macrocephalusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil[17,54,55,126]
Gamispatulus ferrilongus Narciso & Silva, 2020Schizodon intermediusParaná River Basin, Brazil[127]
Gamispatulus schizodontis Thatcher & Boeger, 1984Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Leporinus piau; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidens; Megaleporinus piavussu; Schizodon borellii; Schizodon corti; Schizodon intermediusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Eastern Northeast Atlantic Basin, Brazil; Paraná River Basin, Brazil[15,17,19,42,50,51,127,128,129]
Therodamas longicollum Oliveira, Correa, Adriano & Tavares-Dias, 2021Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[126,130]
Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758Leporinus friderici; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus macrocephalusParaná River Basin, Brazil[41,49,131]
Lernaea devastatrix Boxshall, Montú & Schwarzbold, 1997Schizodon borelliiParaná River Basin, Brazil[19]
Vaigamidae gen. sp.Leporinus friderici; Leporinus lacustris; Megaleporinus elongatus; Megaleporinus obtusidensParaná River Basin, Brazil[14,42,50,51]
Isopoda
Excorallana berbicensis Boone, 1918Leporinus affinisAmazon River Basin, Brazil[120]
Braga patagonica Schioedte & Meinert, 1884Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[121]
Livoneca guianensis Van Name, 1925Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil; Amazon River Basin, Guiana[13,32,132]
Nerocila armata Dana, 1853Leporinus fasciatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32]
Riggia brasiliensis Szidat & Schubart, 1960Hypomasticus copelandii; Leporinus octofasciatus; Schizodon nasutusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32]
Riggia nana Szidat & Schubart, 1960Leporinus striatusAmazon River Basin, Brazil[32]
Mollusca
Diplodon delodontus (Lamarck, 1819)Schizodon cortiAmazon River Basin, Guiana[133]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Sousa, W.B.B.d.; Diniz, M.F.B.G.; Yamada, F.H. Inventory of Metazoan Parasites Associated with Anostomids in South America. Limnol. Rev. 2026, 26, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26010011

AMA Style

Sousa WBBd, Diniz MFBG, Yamada FH. Inventory of Metazoan Parasites Associated with Anostomids in South America. Limnological Review. 2026; 26(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26010011

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sousa, Wallas Benevides Barbosa de, Maria Fernanda Barros Gouveia Diniz, and Fabio Hideki Yamada. 2026. "Inventory of Metazoan Parasites Associated with Anostomids in South America" Limnological Review 26, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26010011

APA Style

Sousa, W. B. B. d., Diniz, M. F. B. G., & Yamada, F. H. (2026). Inventory of Metazoan Parasites Associated with Anostomids in South America. Limnological Review, 26(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26010011

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