Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Reusable Water Bottles and Experimental Planning
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Materials, Reagents, and Standard Solutions
2.4. Elemental Analysis
2.5. PAEs and BP-A Analysis
2.6. Data Elaboration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Main Results of the Experimental Tests
3.2. Possible Consumers’ Health Risks from Reusable Water Bottles Use
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Consumers’ Age Group | Material (as Declared on the Packaging) | Made in | Capacity (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
01A–01B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 500 |
02A–02B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 600 |
03A–03B | children | aluminum | not indicated | 500 |
04A–04B | children | aluminum | not indicated | 500 |
05A–05B | children | aluminum | China | 750 |
06A–06B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 600 |
07A–07B | adults | stainless steel | not indicated | 350 |
08A–08B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 1000 |
09A–09B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 750 |
10A–10B | adults | aluminum | China | 800 |
11A–11B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 750 |
12A–12B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 500 |
13A–13B | adults | aluminum | not indicated | 750 |
14A–14B | adults | BP-A-free plastic | not indicated | 500 |
15A–15B | adults | plastic | Austria | 500 |
16A–16B | adults | plastic | not indicated | 800 |
17A–17B | adults | plastic | Italy | 550 |
18A–18B | children | plastic | Turkey | 500 |
19A–19B | children | plastic | China | 400 |
20A–20B | adults | silicone | China | 500 |
Day | Rinsing and Filling (hour) | Sample Taking Time Starting from Filling (hour) | Emptying (hour) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 24 | 24 |
2 | +24 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +29 |
3 | +48 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +53 |
4 | +72 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +77 |
5 | +96 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +101 |
6 | +120 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +125 |
7 | +144 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +149 |
8–13 | every morning at 8:00 | every evening at 20:00 | ||||||
14 | +312 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +317 |
15–20 | every morning at 8:00 | every evening at 20:00 | ||||||
21 | +480 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +485 |
22–27 | every morning at 8:00 | every evening at 20:00 | ||||||
28 | +648 | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | +653 |
Compounds | LOD | Metallic Water Bottles | Non-Metallic Water Bottles |
---|---|---|---|
% < LOD | % < LOD | ||
Al | 0.7 | 9 | 42 |
As | 1 | 90 | 90 |
B | 0.7 | 86 | 89 |
Ba | 3 | 60 | 65 |
Be | 0.0005 | 62 | 62 |
Bi | 0.004 | 70 | 76 |
Ca | 70 | 56 | 64 |
Cd | 0.01 | 95 | 99 |
Ce | 0.004 | 57 | 73 |
Co | 0.02 | 75 | 94 |
Cr | 0.07 | 31 | 35 |
Cs | 0.008 | 100 | 100 |
Cu | 0.5 | 43 | 72 |
Fe | 2 | 56 | 77 |
Ga | 0.004 | 52 | 91 |
K | 70 | 61 | 63 |
La | 0.002 | 34 | 50 |
Li | 0.01 | 48 | 73 |
Mg | 4 | 43 | 58 |
Mn | 0.4 | 57 | 71 |
Mo | 0.01 | 23 | 42 |
Na | 10 | 38 | 68 |
Nb | 0.005 | 100 | 100 |
Ni | 0.9 | 86 | 88 |
P | 70 | 56 | 52 |
Pb | 0.04 | 39 | 59 |
Rb | 0.02 | 34 | 61 |
Sb | 0.009 | 53 | 76 |
Se | 1 | 92 | 96 |
Si | 20 | 56 | 61 |
Sn | 0.01 | 96 | 95 |
Sr | 0.07 | 20 | 35 |
Te | 0.1 | 100 | 100 |
Ti | 0.2 | 64 | 67 |
Tl | 0.002 | 95 | 98 |
U | 0.002 | 92 | 96 |
V | 0.2 | 81 | 80 |
W | 0.01 | 53 | 75 |
Zn | 1 | 47 | 55 |
Zr | 0.005 | 93 | 97 |
BP-A | 1.1 | 100 | 100 |
DMP | 0.7 | 100 | 100 |
DEP | 0.1 | 100 | 100 |
DiBP | 0.8 | 100 | 100 |
DBP | 0.4 | 100 | 100 |
DEHP | 0.6 | 100 | 100 |
DOP | 1.2 | 100 | 100 |
Elements | Metallic Water Bottles | Non-Metallic Water Bottles | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Max Value (µg L−1) | Max Value (µg cm−2) | Max Value (µg L−1) | Max Value (µg cm−2) | |
Al | 211 | 0.74 | 30.7 | 0.12 |
As | 6 | 0.0199 | 5 | 0.0151 |
B | 2.61 | 0.0085 | 9.1 | 0.0201 |
Ba | 79 | 0.268 | 51 | 0.171 |
Be | 0.0352 | 0.000119 | 0.0648 | 0.000200 |
Bi | 0.049 | 0.000181 | 0.038 | 0.000125 |
Ca | 3400 | 12.5 | 1800 | 5.7 |
Cd | 0.15 | 0.000542 | 0.13 | 0.000462 |
Ce | 0.044 | 0.000141 | 0.022 | 0.000067 |
Co | 0.51 | 0.00141 | 0.03 | 0.00010 |
Cr | 1.46 | 0.00538 | 1.24 | 0.00384 |
Cu | 10.5 | 0.0389 | 3.1 | 0.0098 |
Fe | 23 | 0.085 | 18 | 0.055 |
Ga | 0.188 | 0.00069 | 0.006 | 0.00002 |
K | 664 | 2.45 | 587 | 1.95 |
La | 0.026 | 0.000095 | 0.017 | 0.000058 |
Li | 0.45 | 0.00145 | 0.13 | 0.00037 |
Mg | 116 | 0.429 | 52 | 0.158 |
Mn | 4.5 | 0.0165 | 1.5 | 0.0053 |
Mo | 57.0 | 0.204 | 2.90 | 0.010 |
Na | 664 | 1.96 | 111 | 0.44 |
Ni | 14.3 | 0.0392 | 4.6 | 0.0153 |
P | 832 | 2.976 | 1100 | 3.635 |
Pb | 3.26 | 0.01015 | 0.46 | 0.00152 |
Rb | 0.95 | 0.00352 | 0.17 | 0.00069 |
Sb | 1.14 | 0.00337 | 0.041 | 0.00016 |
Se | 4 | 0.01187 | 4 | 0.00999 |
Si | 191 | 0.614 | 262 | 0.741 |
Sn | 0.10 | 0.000384 | 0.15 | 0.000431 |
Sr | 9.34 | 0.0345 | 1.98 | 0.0066 |
Ti | 3.2 | 0.0109 | 2.0 | 0.0062 |
Tl | 0.004 | 0.0000117 | 0.003 | 0.0000094 |
U | 0.008 | 0.0000288 | 0.011 | 0.0000364 |
V | 0.5 | 0.00187 | 0.5 | 0.00151 |
W | 0.42 | 0.00149 | 0.06 | 0.00017 |
Zn | 93 | 0.344 | 46 | 0.157 |
Zr | 0.034 | 0.000122 | 0.038 | 0.000116 |
Element | Maximum Level (µg L−1) | Limit (µg L−1) |
---|---|---|
Al | 211 | 200 [43] |
As | 6 | 10 [43] |
B | 9.1 | 1500 [43] |
Ba | 79 | 1300 [44] |
Be | 0.0648 | 12 [45] |
Cd | 0.15 | 5.0 [43] |
Cr | 1.46 | 25 [43] |
Cu | 10.5 | 2000 [43] |
Fe | 23 | 200 [43] |
Mn | 4.5 | 50 [43] |
Mo | 57.0 | 70 [46] |
Na | 664 | 200,000 [43] |
Ni | 14.3 | 20 [43] |
Pb | 3.26 | 5.0 [43] |
Sb | 1.14 | 10 [43] |
Se | 4 | 20 [43] |
Sr | 9.34 | 7000 [47] |
Tl | 0.004 | 2 [48] |
U | 0.011 | 30 [43] |
V | 0.5 | 140 [49] |
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Astolfi, M.L.; Castellani, F.; Avino, P.; Antonucci, A.; Canepari, S.; Protano, C.; Vitali, M. Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment. Separations 2021, 8, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080126
Astolfi ML, Castellani F, Avino P, Antonucci A, Canepari S, Protano C, Vitali M. Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment. Separations. 2021; 8(8):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080126
Chicago/Turabian StyleAstolfi, Maria Luisa, Federica Castellani, Pasquale Avino, Arianna Antonucci, Silvia Canepari, Carmela Protano, and Matteo Vitali. 2021. "Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment" Separations 8, no. 8: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080126