ICP–MS Analysis of Multi-Elemental Profile of Greek Wines and Their Classification According to Variety, Area and Year of Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Wine Samples
2.3. Sample Reparation
2.4. ICP–MS Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Classification of Wines According to Elemental Composition
3.2. Classification of Wines According to Their Grape Variety
3.3. Classification of Wines According to Their Area of Production
3.4. Annual Fluctuation in Mineral Content
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Samples | Year of Production | Origin | Variety | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
32 | 17 | Arkadia | Moschofilero | white |
28 | 18 | |||
2 | 17 | Attika | Syrah | red |
2 | 18 | |||
4 | 17 | Attika | Asyrtiko | white |
5 | 18 | |||
7 | 17 | Attika | Malagouzia | white |
7 | 18 | |||
2 | 17 | Attika | Roditis | white |
3 | 18 | |||
6 | 17 | Attika | Savatiano | white |
10 | 18 | |||
1 | 17 | Naousa | Syrah | red |
1 | 18 | |||
9 | 17 | Naousa | Xinomavro | red |
9 | 18 | |||
8 | 17 | Nemea | Agiorgitiko | red |
18 | 18 | |||
4 | 17 | Samos | Muscat | white |
4 | 18 | |||
15 | 17 | Santorini | Asyrtiko | white |
3 | 18 |
Vinification Year 2017 | Vinification Year 2018 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macro Elements (mg/L) | Mean Concentration ± Standard Deviation | Mean Concentration ± Standard Deviation | ||||
K | 705 | ± | 265 | 774 | ± | 264 |
Ca | 81 | ± | 18 | 85 | ± | 17 |
P | 150 | ± | 47 | 153 | ± | 37 |
Na | 23 | ± | 19 | 18 | ± | 13 |
Mg | 87 | ± | 17 | 103 | ± | 20 |
Zn | 0.52 | ± | 0.23 | 0.57 | ± | 0,18 |
Fe | 0.86 | ± | 0.56 | 1.70 | ± | 0.81 |
Mn | 1.3 | ± | 0.43 | 1.9 | ± | 0.97 |
B | 5.4 | ± | 1.5 | 5.7 | ± | 1.2 |
Sr | 0.29 | ± | 0.09 | 0.39 | ± | 0.12 |
Al | 0.57 | ± | 0.39 | 0.61 | ± | 0.39 |
Trace elements (ug/L) | ||||||
Cu | 87 | ± | 50 | 67 | ± | 46 |
Co | 3.8 | ± | 2.1 | 6.3 | ± | 3.8 |
Cr | 13 | ± | 7.1 | 14 | ± | 5.1 |
Se | 0.38 | ± | 0.22 | 0.80 | ± | 0.35 |
Li | 13 | ± | 12 | 11 | ± | 7.9 |
Be | 0.37 | ± | 0.59 | 0.86 | ± | 0.77 |
V | 2.1 | ± | 1.5 | 4.1 | ± | 2.6 |
Ba | 62 | ± | 25 | 87 | ± | 28 |
Ag | 0.19 | ± | 0.16 | 2.4 | ± | 0.76 |
Ni | 29 | ± | 14 | 34 | ± | 14 |
As | 2.1 | ± | 1.6 | 1.8 | ± | 1.6 |
Sn | 0.02 | ± | 0.01 | 0.84 | ± | 0.55 |
Hg | 1.1 | ± | 1.0 | 13 | ± | 2.6 |
Pb | 18 | ± | 14 | 24 | ± | 14 |
Sb | 0.73 | ± | 0.55 | 0.37 | ± | 0.42 |
Cd | 0.30 | ± | 0.32 | 0.40 | ± | 0.27 |
Ti | 16 | ± | 5.9 | 19 | ± | 8.1 |
Ga | 0.15 | ± | 0.11 | 0.13 | ± | 0.11 |
Zr | 1.1 | ± | 0.74 | 2.5 | ± | 2.1 |
La | 1.2 | ± | 1.1 | 0.43 | ± | 0.26 |
W | 0.15 | ± | 0.08 | 0.43 | ± | 0.23 |
Tl | 0.25 | ± | 0.14 | 0.29 | ± | 0.13 |
Ultra-trace elements (ng/L) | ||||||
Nb | 57 | ± | 45 | 104 | ± | 57 |
Pd | 92 | ± | 59 | 195 | ± | 99 |
Te | 40 | ± | 39 | 107 | ± | 22 |
Sm | 29 | ± | 24 | 131 | ± | 131 |
Ho | 11 | ± | 8.2 | 17 | ± | 8.2 |
Tm | 4.4 | ± | 2.7 | 24 | ± | 14 |
Yb | 44 | ± | 21 | 101 | ± | 62 |
Os | 67 | ± | 41 | 230 | ± | 163 |
Au | 61 | ± | 34 | 258 | ± | 202 |
Th | 41 | ± | 50 | 170 | ± | 80 |
U | 61 | ± | 41 | 162 | ± | 102 |
Power (W) | Ramp Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | Stirrer | Hold Time (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage | Maximum | % | ||||
1 | 1600 | 100 | 2 | 165 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 1600 | 100 | 3 | 175 | 0 | 5 |
Type | Cr | Mn | Fe | Ni | Zn | As | Se | Pb | Cd | Sb | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
white | 107 | 103 | 105 | 109 | 114 | 110 | 112 | 104 | 107 | 105 | 111 |
red | 110 | 92 | 100 | 109 | 115 | 111 | 114 | 105 | 104 | 103 | 106 |
(a) Variety, 2017 Training Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Syrah | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 Agioritiko | 5 | 100% | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Asyrtiko | 15 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Malagouzia | 4 | 75% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 Muscat | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 Moschofilero | 29 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 Xinomavro | 6 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
8 Roditis | 1 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
9 Savatiano | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Total | 66 | 96.97% | |||||||||
(b) Variety, 2017 Test Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
1 Syrah | 2 | 100% | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Agioritiko | 3 | 100% | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Asyrtiko | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Malagouzia | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 Muscat | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 Moschofilero | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 Xinomavro | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
8 Roditis | 1 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
9 Savatiano | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Total | 24 | 100% | |||||||||
(c) Variety, 2017 Overall Model | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
1 Syrah | 3 | 66.67% | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 Agioritiko | 8 | 100% | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Asyrtiko | 19 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Malagouzia | 7 | 85.71% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 Muscat | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 Moschofilero | 32 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 Xinomavro | 9 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
8 Roditis | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
9 Savatiano | 6 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Total | 90 | 97.78% |
(a) Variety, 2018 Training Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Syrah | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 Agioritiko | 15 | 100% | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Asyrtiko | 5 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Malagouzia | 4 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
5 Muscat | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 Moschofilero | 25 | 92% | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 Xinomavro | 6 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
8 Roditis | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 Savatiano | 6 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 66 | 74.24% | |||||||||
(b)Variety, 2018 Test Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
1 Syrah | 2 | 100% | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Agioritiko | 3 | 100% | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Asyrtiko | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Malagouzia | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 Muscat | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 Moschofilero | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 Xinomavro | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
8 Roditis | 1 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
9 Savatiano | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Total | 24 | 100% | |||||||||
(c) Variety, 2018 Overall Model | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
1 Syrah | 3 | 66.67% | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 Agioritiko | 18 | 100% | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Asyrtiko | 8 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Malagouzia | 7 | 71.43% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
5 Muscat | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 Moschofilero | 28 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 Xinomavro | 9 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
8 Roditis | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
9 Savatiano | 10 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Total | 90 | 96.67% |
Vintage Year | Set | N | R2X(cum) | R2Y(cum) | Q2(cum) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | training | 66 | 0.682 | 0.676 | 0.584 |
test | 24 | 0.833 | 0.889 | 0.600 | |
overall | 90 | 0.770 | 0.711 | 0.595 | |
2018 | training | 66 | 0.804 | 0.798 | 0.525 |
test | 24 | 0.814 | 0.863 | 0.517 | |
overall | 90 | 0.748 | 0.687 | 0.598 |
(a) Area of production, 2017 Training Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Naousa | 5 | 100% | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Attika | 16 | 100% | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Nemea | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Santorini | 11 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 |
5 Samos | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
6 Arkadia | 27 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 |
Total | 64 | 100% | ||||||
(b)Area of production, 2017 Test Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
1 Naousa | 5 | 100% | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Attika | 5 | 100% | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Nemea | 5 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Santorini | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
5 Samos | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
6 Arkadia | 5 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Total | 26 | 100% | ||||||
(c) Area of production, 2017 Overall Model | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
1 Naousa | 10 | 100% | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Attika | 21 | 100% | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Nemea | 8 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Santorini | 15 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
5 Samos | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
6 Arkadia | 32 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 |
Total | 90 | 100% |
(a) Area of production, 2018 Training Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Naousa | 5 | 100% | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Attika | 21 | 100% | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Nemea | 14 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Santorini | 1 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
5 Samos | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
6 Arkadia | 23 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 |
Total | 66 | 100% | ||||||
(b)Area of production, 2018 Test Set | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
1 Naousa | 5 | 100% | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Attika | 6 | 100% | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Nemea | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Santorini | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
5 Samos | 2 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
6 Arkadia | 5 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Total | 24 | 100% | ||||||
(c)Area of production, 2018 Overall Model | Samples | Correct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
1 Naousa | 10 | 100% | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 Attika | 27 | 100% | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 Nemea | 18 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 Santorini | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
5 Samos | 4 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
6 Arkadia | 28 | 100% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
Total | 90 | 100% |
Vintage Year | Set | N | R2X(cum) | R2Y(cum) | Q2(cum) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | training | 64 | 0.766 | 0.875 | 0.719 |
test | 26 | 0.867 | 0.951 | 0.765 | |
overall | 90 | 0.781 | 0.844 | 0.642 | |
2018 | training | 66 | 0.632 | 0.811 | 0.570 |
test | 24 | 0.743 | 0.898 | 0.702 | |
overall | 90 | 0.736 | 0.818 | 0.622 |
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Pasvanka, K.; Kostakis, M.; Tarapoulouzi, M.; Nisianakis, P.; Thomaidis, N.S.; Proestos, C. ICP–MS Analysis of Multi-Elemental Profile of Greek Wines and Their Classification According to Variety, Area and Year of Production. Separations 2021, 8, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080119
Pasvanka K, Kostakis M, Tarapoulouzi M, Nisianakis P, Thomaidis NS, Proestos C. ICP–MS Analysis of Multi-Elemental Profile of Greek Wines and Their Classification According to Variety, Area and Year of Production. Separations. 2021; 8(8):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080119
Chicago/Turabian StylePasvanka, Konstantina, Marios Kostakis, Maria Tarapoulouzi, Pavlos Nisianakis, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, and Charalampos Proestos. 2021. "ICP–MS Analysis of Multi-Elemental Profile of Greek Wines and Their Classification According to Variety, Area and Year of Production" Separations 8, no. 8: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080119