Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction, Antioxidant Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Bran Oil from Rice Varieties Cultivated in Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Reagents
2.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction Apparatus and Procedure
2.4. Antioxidant Activities of Bran Oil Fractions
2.4.1. Total Phenolic Content
2.4.2. DPPH• Scavenging Activity
2.4.3. ABTS•+ Scavenging Activity
2.5. Determination of the Fatty Acids Profile
2.6. Oxidation Stability Index Determination
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of SFE Conditions on the Extraction Yield of Bran Oil
3.1.1. Influence of Plant Loading
3.1.2. Influence of the Solvent Flow Rate
3.1.3. Influence of the Pressure
3.1.4. Influence of the Temperature
3.2. SFE and Antioxidant Activity of Bran Oil Varieties
3.2.1. Extraction Yields
3.2.2. Antioxidant Activities of Rice Bran Oil Fractions
3.3. Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidation Stability Index Determination
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Loading (g) | CO2 Flow Rate (L/min) | Temperature (°C) | Pressure (MPa) | Oil Yield (% wt.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Influence of plant feed | ||||
10 | 1.0 | 40 | 40.0 | 11.83 ± 0.49 |
20 | 11.72 ± 0.49 | |||
Influence of CO2 flow rate | ||||
20 | 0.5 | 40 | 40.0 | 11.42 ± 0.43 |
1.0 | 11.72 ± 0.48 | |||
1.5 | 11.14 ± 0.45 | |||
Influence of temperature | ||||
20 | 1.0 | 40 | 40.0 | 11.72 ± 0.46 |
60 | 11.70 ± 0.50 | |||
80 | 11.79 ± 0.48 | |||
Influence of pressure | ||||
20 | 1.0 | 40 | 20.0 | 10.68 ± 0.42 |
30.0 | 11.46 ± 0.44 | |||
40.0 | 11.72 ± 0.48 | |||
60.0 | 11.80 ± 0.47 |
Rice Variety | RBO Yield wt.% | MeOH-RBO | Hex-RBO | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC mg/kg | DPPH• mg/kg | ABTS− mg/kg | DPPH mg/kg | ABTS•+ mg/kg | ||
J. Ariete | 11.72 ± 0.48 a | 5.71 ± 0.11a | 1.30 ± 0.06 a | 13.99 ± 0.20 a | 77.36 ± 2.39 a | 795.6 ± 6.6 a |
J. Euro | 11.48 ± 0.46 ab | 3.24 ± 0.17 b | 0.84 ± 0.05 b | 9.41 ± 0.11 b | 59.83 ± 0.85 b | 484.2 ± 3.2 b |
J. Opale | 13.00 ± 0.48 ac | 5.83 ± 0.19 ac | 1.18 ± 0.04 ac | 14.71 ± 0.10 c | 72.67 ± 1.11ac | 659.7 ± 5.3 c |
I. Minima | 12.79 ± 0.51 abcd | 2.91 ± 0.18 b | 0.73 ± 0.05 b | 8.53 ± 0.15 d | 51.44 ±0.58 d | 442.7 ± 12.3 b |
I. Ellebi | 14.46 ± 0.55 e | 7.48 ± 0.21 e | 1.77 ± 0.04 d | 18.89 ± 0.15 e | 54.30 ± 0.43 bd | 500.6 ± 9.8 bd |
I. Sprint | 13.55 ± 0.56 cdef | 5.84 ± 0.18 acd | 1.47 ± 0.07 a | 15.26 ± 0.12 f | 74.41 ± 3.67 ac | 704.5 ± 20.4 c |
I. Gladio | 13.11 ± 0.52 acdef | 5.10 ± 0.23 d | 1.14 ± 0.03 ac | 12.72 ± 0.19 g | 86.87 ± 4.03 e | 767.1 ± 46.8 a |
I. Sirio | 15.60 ± 0.55 e | 8.90 ± 0.22 f | 1.77 ± 0.14 d | 21.34 ± 0.17 h | 62.51 ± 2.59 b | 538.8 ± 11.7 bd |
p (ANOVA) | (p < 0.05) | (p < 0.01) | (p < 0.01) | (p < 0.01) | (p < 0.01) | (p < 0.01) |
Fatty Acid (%) | J. Ariete | J. Euro | J. Opale | I. Minima | I. Ellebi | I. Sprint | I. Gladio | I. Sirio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 (Myristic) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
C16:0 (Palmitic) | 15.39 ± 0.94 a | 14.63 ± 0.85 ab | 16.32 ± 0.95 abc | 13.37 ± 0.78 ab | 14.94 ± 0.83 abc | 14.16 ± 0.81 abc | 13.94 ± 0.81 ab | 13.76 ± 0.74 ab |
C18:0 (Stearic) | 1.43 ± 0.08 a | 1.77 ± 0.10 b | 1.53 ± 0.09 abc | 2.01 ± 0.12 bd | 1.84 ± 0.10 bd | 2.11 ± 0.12 de | 1.93 ± 0.11 bde | 1.75 ± 0.09 bcd |
C18:1 (Oleic) | 52.56 ± 3.15 ab | 47.47 ± 2.75 ab | 45.85 ± 2.60 ab | 49.63 ± 2.86 ab | 46.50 ± 2.55 ab | 49.85 ± 2.83 ab | 44.60 ± 2.54 b | 48.87 ± 2.61ab |
C18:2 (Linoleic) | 29.90 ± 1.82 a | 35.32 ± 2.06 b | 35.50 ± 2.05 ab | 34.06 ± 1.99 ab | 35.83 ± 1.98 b | 32.86 ± 1.87 ab | 38.41 ± 2.22 b | 34.67 ± 1.87 ab |
C20:0 (Arachidic) | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.02 |
C20:1 (Gadoleic) | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
C22:0 (Behenic) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 |
C24:0 (Lignoceric) | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
J. Ariete | J. Euro | J. Opale | I.Minima | I. Ellebi | I. Sprint | I. Gladio | I. Sirio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SFA | 17.29 ± 1.06 | 17.02 ± 1.00 | 18.46 ± 1.09 | 16.11 ± 0.95 | 17.48 ± 0.98 | 17.08 ± 0.99 | 16.63 ± 0.98 | 16.26 ± 0.88 |
MUFA | 52.67 ± 3.16 | 47.95 ± 2.76 | 46.03 ± 2.61 | 49.81 ± 2.87 | 46.69 ± 2.56 | 50.03 ± 2.84 | 44.82 ± 2.55 | 49.06 ± 2.62 |
DUFA | 29.9 ± 1.82 | 35.32 ± 2.06 | 35.5 ± 2.05 | 34.06 ± 1.99 | 35.83 ±1.98 | 32.86 ± 1.87 | 38.51 ± 2.22 | 34.67± 1.87 |
UI | 1.125 ± 0.068 | 1.186 ± 0.069 | 1.170 ± 0.067 | 1.179 ± 0.069 | 1.184 ± 0.065 | 1.158 ± 0.066 | 1.218 ± 0.070 | 1.184 ± 0.064 |
APE | 1.649 ± 0.099 | 1.662 ± 0.096 | 1.627 ± 0.093 | 1.674 ± 0.097 | 1.647 ± 0.091 | 1.654 ± 0.094 | 1.662 ± 0.095 | 1.671 ± 0.090 |
BAPE | 0.299 ± 0.018 | 0.353 ± 0.021 | 0.355 ± 0.021 | 0.341 ± 0.020 | 0.358 ± 0.020 | 0.329 ± 0.019 | 0.385 ± 0.022 | 0.347 ± 0.019 |
OX | 0.310 ± 0.019 | 0.363 ± 0.021 | 0.364 ± 0.021 | 0.351 ± 0.020 | 0.368 ± 0.020 | 0.339 ± 0.019 | 0.394 ± 0.023 | 0.356 ± 0.019 |
OSI | 3.897 ± 0.001 | 3.894 ± 0.001 | 3.894 ± 0.001 | 3.895 ± 0.001 | 3.894 ± 0.001 | 3.895 ± 0.001 | 3.893 ± 0.001 | 3.894 ± 0.001 |
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Pinto, T.I.; Coelho, J.A.; Pires, B.I.; Neng, N.R.; Nogueira, J.M.; Bordado, J.C.; Sardinha, J.P. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction, Antioxidant Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Bran Oil from Rice Varieties Cultivated in Portugal. Separations 2021, 8, 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080115
Pinto TI, Coelho JA, Pires BI, Neng NR, Nogueira JM, Bordado JC, Sardinha JP. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction, Antioxidant Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Bran Oil from Rice Varieties Cultivated in Portugal. Separations. 2021; 8(8):115. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080115
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Tânia I., José A. Coelho, Bruna I. Pires, Nuno R. Neng, José M. Nogueira, João C. Bordado, and José P. Sardinha. 2021. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction, Antioxidant Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Bran Oil from Rice Varieties Cultivated in Portugal" Separations 8, no. 8: 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8080115