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Volume 12
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10.3390/separations12090249
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Semi-Pilot Scale Extraction of Pinocembrin and Galangin from Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch via Enzymatic Pretreatment and Ultrasonication

by
Ru Zhao
,
Xiaoli Li
,
Yazhou Bao
,
Wenjun Xu
,
Chen Xu
,
Rongrong Wang
,
Tianlan Xia
,
Tingli Liu
* and
Ailing Ben
*
Nanjing Engineering Research Center for Peanut Genetic Engineering Breeding and Industrialization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Separations 2025, 12(9), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090249
Submission received: 16 August 2025 / Revised: 3 September 2025 / Accepted: 10 September 2025 / Published: 11 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Extraction Techniques for Bioactive Products from Natural Sources)
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Abstract

In this investigation, pinocembrin and galangin were efficiently extracted from the male inflorescence of Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch through an enzymatic pretreatment–ultrasonic-assisted strategy (EP-UAS), and the feasibility of their pilot-scale application was validated. The optimal parameters (ethanol volume fraction, cellulase dosage, incubation temperature, incubation time, pH, liquid‒solid ratio, ultrasonic irradiation power during incubation, duty cycle, ultrasonic irradiation power and time during extraction) affecting pinocembrin and galangin yields were systematically explored. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) results provided optimal parameters for the EP-UAS process. Under the optimal conditions, the actual yields of pinocembrin and galangin were 2158.33 ± 0.13 μg/g and 1257.96 ± 0.06 μg/g, respectively. Stability, recovery and reproducibility were determined under the above optimized conditions to evaluate the proposed EP-UAS method. Moreover, laboratory-scale experimental results revealed that the conditions selected via single-factor and response surface experiments were also applicable to pilot-scale production, facilitating industrialization.
Keywords: male inflorescences of Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch; ultrasonication; pinocembrin; galangin; semi-pilot scale male inflorescences of Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch; ultrasonication; pinocembrin; galangin; semi-pilot scale
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhao, R.; Li, X.; Bao, Y.; Xu, W.; Xu, C.; Wang, R.; Xia, T.; Liu, T.; Ben, A. Semi-Pilot Scale Extraction of Pinocembrin and Galangin from Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch via Enzymatic Pretreatment and Ultrasonication. Separations 2025, 12, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090249

AMA Style

Zhao R, Li X, Bao Y, Xu W, Xu C, Wang R, Xia T, Liu T, Ben A. Semi-Pilot Scale Extraction of Pinocembrin and Galangin from Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch via Enzymatic Pretreatment and Ultrasonication. Separations. 2025; 12(9):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090249

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Ru, Xiaoli Li, Yazhou Bao, Wenjun Xu, Chen Xu, Rongrong Wang, Tianlan Xia, Tingli Liu, and Ailing Ben. 2025. "Semi-Pilot Scale Extraction of Pinocembrin and Galangin from Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch via Enzymatic Pretreatment and Ultrasonication" Separations 12, no. 9: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090249

APA Style

Zhao, R., Li, X., Bao, Y., Xu, W., Xu, C., Wang, R., Xia, T., Liu, T., & Ben, A. (2025). Semi-Pilot Scale Extraction of Pinocembrin and Galangin from Populus alba L. × berolinensis K. Koch via Enzymatic Pretreatment and Ultrasonication. Separations, 12(9), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090249

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