La démence frontotemporale: aspects cliniques et morphologiques
Summary
Introduction
Présentation clinique de la démence frontotemporale
- Le premier mode de présentation clinique, le plus fréquent, correspond à la variante frontale de la démence frontotemporale, avec atrophie à prédominance frontale et surtout de la convexité frontale. Le tableau clinique consiste en une altération précoce de la personne et des conduites sociales (social conduct). Le malade est souvent inerte ou apathique, présente une difficulté grandissante à adapter son comportement au contexte social. Son comportement est désinhibé, inapproprié, compulsif, souvent répétitif et stéréotypé. Des troubles cognitifs peuvent apparaître dans le domaine de l’abstraction, de l’attention, de la planification et de la solution de problèmes complexes. La mémoire est par contre bien conservée du moins aux premiers stades de la maladie.
- Chez une partie des patients avec démence frontotemporale, la symptomatologie clinique se présente sous la forme d’une dissolution isolée (non accompagnée d’autres troubles cognitifs) du langage dont il convient de distinguer deux formes, l’aphasie primaire progressive [15] et la démence sémantique [16]. Le tableau clinique de l’aphasie primaire progressive se caractérise par une réduction progressive de la production du langage – d’où le terme d’aphasie non fluente utilisé pour ce type de trouble du langage – accompagnée d’erreurs phonologiques et grammaticales. Au début, les sujets ont un manque du mot, en particulier des noms propres. S’ajoutent par la suite des difficultés lors de la lecture et de l’écriture. Cependant, la connaissance du sens des mots est bien préservée chez ces sujets. La progression des troubles du langage peut aboutir, avec le temps, à un mutisme complet. La dyspraxie (apraxie) gestuelle ajoutée au mutisme rend alors toute communication avec ces malades virtuellement impossible. L’aphasie primaire progressive doit être distinguée de la dysarthrie pure progressive ou de la désintégration phonologique dans lesquelles la formation plutôt que l’usage des mots est progressivement compromise [17].Dans la démence sémantique, au contraire de l’aphasie primaire progressive, la production du langage n’est pas réduite, d’ou le terme d’aphasie fluente souvent utilisé dans ce cas. Les sujets ont de sérieuses difficultés à nommer les objets – manque du mot – mais surtout à comprendre la signification tant des mots parlés que des mots écrits. Le langage perd progressivement de sa substance, le répertoire lexical se rétrécit, le langage devient stéréotypé. La mémoire, les fonctions visuo-spatiales, la capacité de jugement peuvent par contre rester longtemps intactes (jusqu’à plusieurs années).
Démence frontotemporale et maladie d’Alzheimer
Démence sémantique et démence d’Alzheimer
Imagerie cérébrale
Neuropathologie de la démence frontotemporale
La maladie de Pick


La dégénérescence lobaire frontale ou la démence de type frontal
La démence à inclusions du type maladie des motoneurones (DIMMN)
Démence frontotemporale familiale sans mutations du gène de la protéine tau
La dégénérescence corticobasale
La variante frontale de la maladie d’Alzheimer
Remarques concernant la morphologie
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Le problème de la protéine tau manquante dans la démence frontotemporale
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Probst, A.; Tolnay, M. La démence frontotemporale: aspects cliniques et morphologiques. Swiss Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry Psychother. 2002, 153, 165-174. https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2002.01276
Probst A, Tolnay M. La démence frontotemporale: aspects cliniques et morphologiques. Swiss Archives of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 2002; 153(4):165-174. https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2002.01276
Chicago/Turabian StyleProbst, Alphonse, and M. Tolnay. 2002. "La démence frontotemporale: aspects cliniques et morphologiques" Swiss Archives of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 153, no. 4: 165-174. https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2002.01276
APA StyleProbst, A., & Tolnay, M. (2002). La démence frontotemporale: aspects cliniques et morphologiques. Swiss Archives of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 153(4), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.4414/sanp.2002.01276
