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Age-Related Patterns in Child-to-Parent Violence Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
by
María J. Navas-Martínez
María J. Navas-Martínez
María J. Navas-Martínez, Ph.D. in Psychology, Professor at the Department of Psychology of the of [...]
María J. Navas-Martínez, Ph.D. in Psychology, Professor at the Department of Psychology of the University of Jaén (Spain), and Researcher at the Lazos Research Lab. Her research interests are the causes and consequences of violence in the family context and behavioral problems in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, specifically the criminal and aggressive behavior from children to parents. https://lazosresearch.com/conocenos/
,
Lourdes Contreras
Lourdes Contreras
Lourdes Contreras, Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor at the Department of Psychology of the [...]
Lourdes Contreras, Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor at the Department of Psychology of the University of Jaén (Spain), and Researcher at the Lazos Research Lab. Her research interests are the psychosocial variables linked to family violence and to antisocial and criminal behavior during adolescence in general, and particularly, child-to-parent violence behaviors. https://lazosresearch.com/conocenos/
Nazaret Bautista-Aranda
Nazaret Bautista-Aranda
Nazaret Bautista-Aranda, Ph.D. in Psychology, Professor at the Department of Developmental, and and [...]
Nazaret Bautista-Aranda, Ph.D. in Psychology, Professor at the Department of Developmental, Educational and Social Psychology and Methodology of the Universitat Jaume I (Spain), and Researcher at the Lazos Research Lab. Her research interests have focused on the psychosocial variables associated with child-to-parent violence, exploring the perspectives of both adolescents and parents. https://lazosresearch.com/conocenos/
M. Carmen Cano-Lozano
M. Carmen Cano-Lozano
M. Carmen Cano-Lozano, Ph.D. in Psychology, Full Professor at the Department of Psychology of the of [...]
M. Carmen Cano-Lozano, Ph.D. in Psychology, Full Professor at the Department of Psychology of the University of Jaén (Spain), and Principal Researcher at the Lazos Research Lab. Her research interest focused on the psychosocial variables linked to antisocial and criminal behavior during adolescence, particularly child-to-parent violence behaviors. She is a scientific coordinator in national and international projects focusing on child-to-parent violence since 2006. https://lazosresearch.com/conocenos/
1
Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
2
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Jaume I University, 12006 Castellón, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16(5), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16050070 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 March 2026
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Revised: 11 May 2026
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Accepted: 15 May 2026
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Published: 17 May 2026
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of child-to-parent violence (CPV) across a broad age range, from early adolescence to late emerging adulthood. Specifically, the objectives were to analyze the linear and quadratic relationships between CPV types (psychological, physical, financial, and control/domain behaviors) and age, as well as to examine the interaction of sex within this relationship. Methods: A total of 1959 adolescents (13–17 years) and 1046 young adults (18–25 years) completed, respectively, the adolescent and young adult versions of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q). Results: Age was curvilinearly associated with psychological CPV (increasing until approximately age 19 and then decreasing), positively linearly associated with financial CPV (increasing with age), and negatively linearly associated with control/domain behaviors (decreasing with age). No significant association was found between age and physical CPV. Furthermore, boys and girls showed different age-related patterns in some CPV types. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CPV does not disappear after adolescence, and that the pattern is not uniform throughout development nor the same for boys and girls. The results (1) underscore the importance of studying CPV considering developmental stage, sex, and the specific CPV types, and (2) may contribute to facilitate the early detection of CPV, anticipating changes in violence patterns, and guiding prevention strategies tailored to each developmental stage.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Navas-Martínez, M.J.; Contreras, L.; Bautista-Aranda, N.; Cano-Lozano, M.C.
Age-Related Patterns in Child-to-Parent Violence Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2026, 16, 70.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16050070
AMA Style
Navas-Martínez MJ, Contreras L, Bautista-Aranda N, Cano-Lozano MC.
Age-Related Patterns in Child-to-Parent Violence Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2026; 16(5):70.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16050070
Chicago/Turabian Style
Navas-Martínez, María J., Lourdes Contreras, Nazaret Bautista-Aranda, and M. Carmen Cano-Lozano.
2026. "Age-Related Patterns in Child-to-Parent Violence Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 16, no. 5: 70.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16050070
APA Style
Navas-Martínez, M. J., Contreras, L., Bautista-Aranda, N., & Cano-Lozano, M. C.
(2026). Age-Related Patterns in Child-to-Parent Violence Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 16(5), 70.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16050070
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