‘Some Days Are Not a Good Day to Be a Mum’: Exploring Lived Experiences of Guilt and Shame in the Early Postpartum Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Reflexivity Statement
2.3. Design and Procedure
2.4. Data Collection and Analysis
2.5. Participant Characteristics
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Theme One: No Man’s Land—No Longer a Woman, Not Feeling Like a Mum
3.1.1. Sub-Theme One: Mum Gets Left by the Wayside
I’m just constantly worried about like a variety of things and if I meet up with my friends for coffee- that’s not an experience for the baby so should I always be going somewhere that baby’s gonna get benefit from.(Galinda)
You feel guilty in yourself in terms of not giving yourself enough time. Enough self-care… I’m always putting my health to one side to sort of look after the children and it does get on top of you.(Daisy)
I think mental health gets a bit of a tick box [from midwives and health visitors], like you kind of get asked like, ‘…and how are you doing in terms of anxiety’…If I had been having a harder time with it, I don’t think the way that I’ve been asked about how my mental health is would have necessarily encouraged me to share that information.(Ashley)
I saw everyone just shower him [baby] with so much love but forgotten me, and I was like. ‘Well, he’s only here because I’m here’, so I had those initial [guilty] feelings…(Elsie)
…not like being able to keep the house as tidy or, you know, give your children enough time, give your husband enough time…not being able to like, you know, look after yourself. That could bring about shame as well, right? Your anger- frustration that you can just split yourself into pieces and be able to do it all.(Veronica)
To be honest, sometimes I can be a little resentful towards [baby] because he does take up so much of my time and needs so much…that’s what I think about feeling guilty.(Eleanor)
[I question] why is he [husband]- wasn’t washing something up, or, you know, just just the silly little things…and I feel bad for doing that.(Josie)
3.1.2. Sub-Theme Two: Under the Magnifying Glass
I do feel a bit ashamed when I do go out and see other children of similar age because I’m thinking is it my fault again, you know what I mean? Is it because I’m not a good enough mum? I haven’t pushed her, you know what I mean… like I haven’t given her enough time and sat with her…(Daisy)
You feel as though you’re neglecting the child, because you’re like, ‘Hang on a minute, if I haven’t fed her for three hours, if I haven’t changed this…er, am I not good enough for her? Would she be better off with someone else?’, sort of thing, ‘Should I be a mother?’.(Betty)
I know everyone is different…but you know we do have quite strong wishes like I don’t want to pop into McDonalds when he’s a toddler, I just really want him on the best food we can give him and that starts with breastfeeding for me.(Lola)
I felt bad giving her formula but on the side of it I could see how much more content she was from having a good full feed and that’s what made me kind of overcome the guilt.(Eponine)
If they’re [baby is] upset and you don’t know what they want, and you feel ashamed cause you’re like ‘what do they want?’(Jane)
I do get a bit defensive like someone has kind of criticised me for not having enough wear on the baby on the bus the other day and I think I said, ‘Well, we are from [country], she is fine. We are from a very cold climate’ erm so I guess I felt a little bit of shame.(Clarabella)
Women who go to those [breastfeeding] groups are exclusively breastfeeding whereas I’m at the minute 99% bottle feeding and trying to move to breastfeeding. So that’s the reason I don’t feel comfortable really going there, and yeah, I do feel like I would be judged for bottle feeding even when I’m desperate to breastfeed.(Lola)
3.2. Theme Two: Comparison Is the Thief of Joy
3.2.1. Sub-Theme One: Body Failure
I went to stay at my mums for 2 weeks [after being discharged from hospital] because of how poorly I was so I could have help with the first born…but the very next day I woke up and I felt guilty of like everyone sort of having to run around and, you know, look after my kids…(Daisy)
I’d look at him [baby] and I couldn’t bend, and I couldn’t do anything, and obviously looking at him [husband] and showering him [baby] with so much love…that triggered me a lot.(Elsie)
My close friend she’s just had her 4th and… she’s just not able to like pick him [baby] up as much because she’s had a caesarean… she feels really ashamed that she’s not really like there for her child. Not being able to pick him up…especially when he’s like crying out for her…(Veronica)
I used to be a size 8 or a 10 and became a 16 to 18 [during pregnancy] and I just felt like I ballooned out. I had a small torso and just feeling so huge really affected me. He was 8 pound 4 and quite a long baby and I just think back and wonder how he fit inside of me. But seeing my body change like that, was shocking for me.(Eleanor)
They say you bounce back, or some people bounce back, but that wasn’t the case for me. After I gave birth, I still had a belly where I looked like I was pregnant, and I was quite ashamed of myself like why have I not bounced back? And I still put so much pressure on myself.(Elsie)
Even if people are being quite nice, I think it’s just not a nice feeling that you think it’s okay to just talk about my body openly. I kind of feel very insecure.(Siobhan)
3.2.2. Sub-Theme Two: Feigning ‘Fine’
There is shame and guilt sometimes when your baby is doing better than average…when people say to you like. ‘Oh, your baby has so much hair, they look so much more alert, and ‘they are already rolling’ or whatever, when their baby is just starting to roll-. I’m like, ‘Oh you know, she’s- I just give a joke or say I don’t know. I downplay it all.(Clarabella)
Society puts such a spin on [parenthood] that it’s so perfect and you’re so blessed, and you are in a lot of ways. But there is such a spin on it that if you dare feel anything that deviates from that narrative, it’s like, ‘You knew what you were in for’ [when you chose to have a baby].(Ophelia)
I feel hopeless. Other times I just feel drained and not good enough. I have in the past had a little thought like ‘why am I even here’…I just thought f*** it, I’ve had enough, I can’t carry on.(Eleanor)
With other problems I would turn to my mum, but…I don’t want mum to think, ‘Oh she can’t manage it, she can’t handle it, she needs me to step in’ or things like that. So, no, really, I haven’t really turned to anybody this time.(Galinda)
You grieve for, you know, almost overnight, you’ve been handed this baby that just wants, you know, just wants all of you and you just want five minutes, and you don’t necessarily get that because you’re always thinking about the baby, and then you feel terrible…you feel guilty because there’s many women out there that can’t have babies.(Heather)
3.3. Theme Three: Protecting Against the Unrelenting Storm
3.3.1. Sub-Theme One: Self-Compassion and Pouring from an Overflowing Cup
I’m kind of just deciding what is the truth, like, ‘Should I feel guilty? Is there a real like reason to feel that way?’ I’m just kind of analysing my behaviour and if there’s a real reason to feel guilty.(Gloria)
If I do look at someone and I think that they are judging me for something or thinking I shouldn’t have done that or something, I always just look at my baby, I think for me she is an anchor that brings me totally back down to earth…(Henrietta)
Make the child work around you rather than the other way round…it’s okay for [baby] to cry. You don’t have to tend to him straight away, like, if I’m eating and he’s crying, I’ll finish off a couple of bites…it’s fine for a child to cry, they’re meant to cry…look after yourself as well I’d say.(Eleanor)
I think my friend, she has kids similar age and she’s going through the same sort of thing. And if we are out together, I don’t feel as bad as we’re um both in the same boat.(Ronnette)
I think my husband- cos I think we can try and keep it into perspective, and then maybe even laugh about it, but you know, if baby girl does cry all afternoon, it doesn’t mean that we are doing anything wrong.(Clarabella)
3.3.2. Sub-Theme Two: The Polarising Role of Social Media in Motherhood
…I’ve seen other women and mothers going through the same thing [on Peanut app] …that’s only, I would say the only thing that’s helping in the sense that I’m not alone.(Josie)
I’m quite active on social media. So, like on Insta, I vlog my life and what not. So, through that I think those, that has opened doors for me, like, I’ve had loads of friends from like my school, college, Uni, and they’ve reached out to me saying like, ‘Oh my god. I’ve had a baby too, like, let’s hang out’…through social media I’ve been able to do that.(Elsie)
I’m not saying that everything that you see on social media is positive, but…you just focus on the posts that you want to pay attention to, don’t you?(Eponine)
I think social media and just the kind of amount of information that’s out there about how to raise children or babies can put a lot of pressure on new mums, that you should always be doing something with- like if, if at any point in the day you’re just kind of sat watching TV or trying to have like a meal, then you’re not doing enough kind of thing.(Ashley)
With the cost of living at the moment as well, and money and maternity pay isn’t amazing, it’s- I’m constantly feeling guilty that I’ve not bought him the newest sensory book, or he’s not got the best playmat, or he doesn’t go to a class every day of the week…I had to buy some things second hand…he’s not having the same experience as the children I’ve seen on Instagram.(Galinda)
…it makes you feel like that mum looked great after having baby, or she looks like she can go and do loads of things, when actually, that’s not real.(Eponine)
It might make you maybe resentful towards others who you think aren’t feeling those things or are meeting the expectations that you want to be meeting…not wanting to interact with people who you think aren’t feeling those things, so it provably isolates you and perpetuates the feeling.(Ophelia)
Everyone’s got advice and if you took it all on board, you’d just be doing everything and doing the opposite of everything, if that makes sense.(Ashley)
4. Discussion
Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Interview Schedule
- Demographic information
- -
- What is your age?
- -
- How old is your youngest baby (in weeks)?
- -
- What is your highest level of education?
- -
- What is your occupation?
- -
- What is your marital status?
- -
- What is your ethnicity?
- Definitions
- How would you define guilt and shame?
- To you, what are the key similarities and differences between guilt and shame?
- ○
- Feelings?
- ○
- Thoughts?
- ○
- Behaviours?
- ○
- Interactions with others?
- ○
- Which plays a bigger part in your current stage of motherhood?
- ○
- Do they feel different? Have different effects? Stay for different amounts of time?
- Guilt
- What are the main forms of guilt that women have at this stage of motherhood?
- ○
- Day-to-day activities? [routine with baby, e.g., feeding, playing, out and about, in healthcare settings, at night, relationships with others, relationship with yourself]
- ○
- Feelings? [feelings that trigger, feelings that occur as a result]
- ○
- Thoughts? [thoughts that trigger, thoughts that occur as a result]
- ○
- Behaviours? [behaviours that trigger, behaviours that occur as a result]
- What do you usually do when you feel guilty?
- ○
- People you turn to?
- ○
- Thoughts and/or behaviours that worsen?
- ○
- Thoughts and/or behaviours that soothe?
- For you, how impactful is guilt in your experience of motherhood?
- ○
- How often do you experience this emotion?
- ○
- Are there other feelings that are more important? Less important?
- Shame
- What are the main forms of shame that women have at this stage of motherhood? Day-to-day activities? [routine with baby, e.g., feeding, playing, out and about, in healthcare settings, at night, relationships with others, relationship with yourself]
- ○
- Feelings? [feelings that trigger, feelings that occur as a result]
- ○
- Thoughts? [thoughts that trigger, thoughts that occur as a result]
- ○
- Behaviours? [behaviours that trigger, behaviours that occur as a result]
- What do you usually do when you feel ashamed?
- ○
- People you turn to?
- ○
- Thoughts and/or behaviours that worsen?
- ○
- Thoughts and/or behaviours that soothe?
- For you, how impactful is shame in your experience of motherhood?
- ○
- How often do you experience this emotion?
- ○
- Are there other feelings that are more important? Less important?
- Anything else
- ○
- Before we finish up, is there anything else that you would like to talk about, or have I forgotten to ask anything?
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Participant Pseudonym | Age | Infant Age/Weeks | Parity | Infant Sex | Highest Level Education | Occupation | Marital Status | Ethnicity | Relevant Contextual Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eleanor | 35 | 4 | Primiparous | Male | Level 3 | Caring, leisure, and other service occupations | Living with partner, Single | White British | |
Lola | 29 | 6 | Primiparous | Male | Level 2 | Sales and customer service occupations | Single, Living with partner | White European | |
Clarabella | 31 | 8 | Primiparous | Female | Level 7 | Professional | Married | N/A * | |
Ronnette | 29 | 15 | Multiparous | Male | Level 2 | Associate professional | Civil partnership | White British | |
Heather | 33 | 6 | Primiparous | Male | N/A * | Professional | Married | White Mixed Caribbean | Traumatic birth experience, Preeclampsia diagnosis. |
Lucille | 25 | 16 | Primiparous | Female | Level 3 | Unemployed | Single | White European | |
Cecilia | 33 | 12 | Primiparous | Male | Level 7 | Professional | Living with partner, Single | White British | BMI above 25 during pregnancy, Difficult C-section recovery. |
Gloria | 35 | 6 | Primiparous | Female | Level 6 | Professional | Married | White European | |
Ophelia | 30 | 8 | Primiparous | Female | Level 7 | Professional | Cohabiting, Engaged | White British | |
Henrietta | 32 | 12 | Multiparous | Female | Level 2 | Managers, directors, and senior officials | Married | N/A * | |
Elsie | 30 | 15 | Primiparous | Male | Level 6 | Professional | Married | British Indian Asian | |
Siobhan | 34 | 12 | Multiparous | Female | Level 7 | Professional | Married | N/A * | |
Éponine | 34 | 9 | Primiparous | Female | Level 7 | Professional | Single | N/A * | |
Daisy | 29 | 12 | Multiparous | Female | Level 6 | Professional | Married | British Pakistani | |
Betty | 29 | 6 | Primiparous | Female | Level 7 | Caring, leisure, and other service occupations | Married | Bangladeshi | Traumatic birth experience, C-section complications |
Galinda | 28 | 7 | Multiparous | Male | Level 6 | Caring, leisure, and other service occupations | Married | White British | |
Jane | 23 | 15 | Multiparous | Male | Level 3 | Administrative and secretarial occupations | Single | White British | |
Veronica | 36 | 12 | Multiparous | Male | Level 7 | Professional | Married | British Pakistani | |
Josie | 37 | 16 | Primiparous | Female | Level 7 | Caring, leisure, and other service occupations | Married | Asian British, Bangladeshi | Cow’s milk protein allergy |
Ashley | 30 | 6 | Primiparous | Male | Level 6 | Professional | Single, Cohabiting | White British |
Major Theme | Sub-Theme |
---|---|
No man’s land—no longer a woman, not feeling like a mum | Mum gets left by the wayside |
Under the magnifying glass | |
Comparison is the thief of joy | Body failure |
Feigning ‘fine’ | |
Protecting against the unrelenting storm | Pouring from an overflowing cup |
The polarising role of social media in motherhood |
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© 2024 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the University Association of Education and Psychology. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Jackson, L.; O’Donoghue, E.; Helm, J.; Gentilcore, R.; Hussain, A. ‘Some Days Are Not a Good Day to Be a Mum’: Exploring Lived Experiences of Guilt and Shame in the Early Postpartum Period. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 3019-3038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14120198
Jackson L, O’Donoghue E, Helm J, Gentilcore R, Hussain A. ‘Some Days Are Not a Good Day to Be a Mum’: Exploring Lived Experiences of Guilt and Shame in the Early Postpartum Period. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(12):3019-3038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14120198
Chicago/Turabian StyleJackson, Leanne, Emily O’Donoghue, Jasmin Helm, Rita Gentilcore, and Anisha Hussain. 2024. "‘Some Days Are Not a Good Day to Be a Mum’: Exploring Lived Experiences of Guilt and Shame in the Early Postpartum Period" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 12: 3019-3038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14120198
APA StyleJackson, L., O’Donoghue, E., Helm, J., Gentilcore, R., & Hussain, A. (2024). ‘Some Days Are Not a Good Day to Be a Mum’: Exploring Lived Experiences of Guilt and Shame in the Early Postpartum Period. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(12), 3019-3038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14120198