The Impact of Sociodemographic, Macroeconomic, and Health Status and Resources on Infant Mortality Rates in Oman: Evidence from 1980 to 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To explore the effects of ME on IMR in Oman;
- To explore the effects of SD on IMR in Oman;
- To explore the effects of HSR on IMR in Oman;
- To explore the effects of ME on HSR in Oman;
- To explore the effects of ME on SD in Oman;
- To explore the effects of SD on HSR in Oman.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Resources, Data Collection, and Sample Size
2.3. The Proposed Conceptual Model
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Variables in the Final Model
3.2. The Final Model Evaluation Indices
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effects of SD Determinants on IMR
4.2. The Effects of HSR Determinants on IMR
4.3. The Effects of ME Determinants on IMR
4.4. The Effects of ME Determinants on HSR
4.5. The Effects of ME Determinants on SD
4.6. Strengths and Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Label | Variable | Definition | Source |
---|---|---|---|
IMR | Infant Mortality Rate | The infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before one year per 1000 live births yearly. | World Bank |
SD variables | |||
SD1 | Birth rate (crude) | Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births per 1000 midyear population. | World Bank |
SD2 | Adolescent fertility rate | Adolescent fertility rate is the number of births per 1000 women aged 15–19. | World Bank |
SD3 | Fertility rate (total, births per woman) | Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year | World Bank |
SD4 | Percentages (%) of women married | Proportion of married or in-union women of reproductive-age (ages 15–49) in total population of women in the same age group, expressed in terms of percentage. | SESRIC |
HSR variables | |||
HSR1 | Newborns protected against tetanus (%) | Percentage of births by women of child-bearing age who are immunized against tetanus, i.e., newborns who achieved protection at birth from their mothers who received tetanus toxoid doses during the pregnancy. | World Bank |
HSR2 | One-year-olds immunized with BCG (%) | One-year-olds who have received one dose of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in a given year, expressed in terms of percentage. | SESRIC |
HSR3 | One-year-olds immunized with MCV1 (%) | One-year-olds who have received at least one dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) in a given year, expressed in terms of percentage. | SESRIC |
HSR4 | One-year-olds immunized with Pol3 (%) | One-year-olds who have received three doses of polio vaccine (Pol3) in a given year, expressed in terms of percentage | SESRIC |
HSR5 | Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) | Birth attended by Skilled Health worker in a given period (as % of total birth) | IHME-GHDx |
HSR6 | UHC service coverage index (0 to 100) | Coverage of essential health services | IHME-GHDx |
ME variables | |||
ME1 | GDP per capita (current US$) | GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population | World Bank |
ME2 | Employment to population ratio (15+, males) in % | Proportion of a country’s female population (with ages 15+) that is employed, expressed in terms of percentage. | World Bank |
ME3 | Employment to population ratio (15+, females) in % | Proportion of a country’s male population (with ages 15+) that is employed, expressed in terms of percentage. | World Bank |
Label | N | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMR | 43 | 9.50 | 78.90 | 24.09 | 19.53 | 1.44 | 1.08 |
SD3 | 43 | 2.57 | 8.13 | 4.64 | 2.013 | 0.64 | −1.24 |
SD4 | 43 | 55.21 | 69.47 | 61.884 | 5.89 | 0.28 | −1.76 |
HSR1 | 43 | 29.00 | 99.00 | 83.77 | 21.22 | −1.84 | 1.94 |
HSR2 | 43 | 51.00 | 99.00 | 94.07 | 10.74 | −3.14 | 9.69 |
HSR3 | 43 | 10.00 | 99.00 | 88.26 | 23.30 | −2.41 | 4.66 |
HSR4 | 43 | 18.00 | 99.00 | 88.51 | 23.62 | −2.31 | 3.92 |
ME1 | 43 | 5073.85 | 24,722.64 | 11,899.81 | 6770.15 | 0.66 | −1.20 |
ME2 | 43 | 43.88 | 87.80 | 73.93 | 11.06 | −1.19 | 1.34 |
ME3 | 43 | 16.07 | 27.59 | 22.16 | 3.18 | −0.07 | −1.17 |
LV | MV | FL | CA | Rho-A | CR | R2 | Q2 | AVE | HTMT (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMR | ME | SD | HSR | |||||||||
IMR | IMR | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.959 | 0.942 | 1.000 | - | - | - | 0.934 (0.854–0.970) |
ME | ME1 | 0.893 | 0.938 | 0.963 | 0.960 | - | - | 0.889 | 0.851 (0.763–0.910) | - | - | 0.728 (0.606–0.818) |
ME2 | 0.946 | |||||||||||
ME3 | 0.987 | |||||||||||
SD | SD3 | 0.990 | 0.978 | 0.981 | 0.989 | 0.839 | 0.816 | 0.978 | 0.878 (0.833–0.928) | 0.954 (0.913–0.983) | - | 0.698 (0.595–0.815) |
SD4 | 0.988 | |||||||||||
HSR | HSR1 | 0.944 | 0.978 | 0.979 | 0.984 | 0.521 | 0.474 | 0.940 | - | - | - | - |
HSR2 | 0.953 | |||||||||||
HSR3 | 0.992 | |||||||||||
HSR4 | 0.988 |
Hypothesis | Pathway | Direct Effect (95% CI) | Indirect Effect (95% CI) | Total Effect (95% CI) | ƒ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | ME→IMR | - | −0.854 (−0.898 to −0.790) | −0.854 (−0.898 to −0.790) | - |
H2 | SD→IMR | 0.447 (0.327 to 0.601) | - | 0.447 (0.327 to 0.601) | 2.560 |
H3 | HSR→IMR | −0.617 (−0.712 to −0.458) | - | −0.617 (−0.712 to −0.458) | 4.891 |
H4 | ME→HSR | 0.722 (0.605 to 0.806) | - | 0.722 (0.605 to 0.806) | 1.087 |
H5 | ME→SD | −0.916 (−0.945 to −0.880) | - | −0.916 (−0.945 to −0.880) | 5.193 |
H6 | SD→HSR | - | - | - | - |
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Eltayib, R.A.A.; Al-Azri, M.; Chan, M.F. The Impact of Sociodemographic, Macroeconomic, and Health Status and Resources on Infant Mortality Rates in Oman: Evidence from 1980 to 2022. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 986-999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060075
Eltayib RAA, Al-Azri M, Chan MF. The Impact of Sociodemographic, Macroeconomic, and Health Status and Resources on Infant Mortality Rates in Oman: Evidence from 1980 to 2022. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023; 13(6):986-999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060075
Chicago/Turabian StyleEltayib, Rawaa Abubakr Abuelgassim, Mohammed Al-Azri, and Moon Fai Chan. 2023. "The Impact of Sociodemographic, Macroeconomic, and Health Status and Resources on Infant Mortality Rates in Oman: Evidence from 1980 to 2022" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, no. 6: 986-999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060075