Measuring Vulnerability in Grief: The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Adult Attitude to Grief Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Adult Attitude to Grief Scale
- The “overwhelmed” factor, indicating a feeling of being overcome with grief, being stressed, and having lost the meaning of life.
- The “control” factor, indicating instinctive mechanisms to resist pain and maintain autonomy by avoiding full engagement with the loss.
- The “resilient” factor, indicating the perception of having resources to cope with the grief and the hope of overcoming it.
1.2. Aim and Hypothesis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure and Ethics
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Adult Attitude to Grief Scale (AAG)
2.3.2. Forty-Item Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40)
2.3.3. Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R)
2.3.4. Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Adult Attitude to Grief Scale—Italian Version
Fortemente D’accordo | D’accordo | Né D’accordo né in Disaccordo | In Disaccordo | Fortemente in Disaccordo |
4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
1. Mi sento in grado di affrontare il dolore che deriva dalla perdita. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
2. Per me, è difficile reprimere i pensieri sulla persona che ho perso. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
3. Mi sento molto consapevole della mia forza interiore quando affronto il dolore. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
4. Credo di dover essere coraggioso nell’affrontare la perdita. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
5. Sento che porterò sempre con me il dolore della sofferenza. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
6. Per me, è importante tenere sotto controllo il mio dolore. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
7. La vita ha meno significato per me dopo questa perdita. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
8. Penso che sia meglio andare avanti con la vita e non soffermarsi su questa perdita. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
9. Potrebbe non sempre sembrare così, ma credo che supererò questa esperienza di dolore. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
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Characteristics | M ± SD | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 30.44 ± 11.206 | |||
Sex | ||||
Females | 285 | 77.7 | ||
Males | 82 | 22.3 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Single | 261 | 71.1 | ||
Married | 55 | 15 | ||
Cohabiting | 39 | 10.6 | ||
Divorced | 9 | 2.5 | ||
Separated | 2 | 0.5 | ||
Widowed | 1 | 0.3 | ||
Education | ||||
Elementary school | 1 | 0.3 | ||
Middle School diploma | 30 | 8.2 | ||
High School diploma | 123 | 33.5 | ||
University degree | 125 | 34.1 | ||
Master’s degree | 64 | 17.4 | ||
Post-lauream specialization | 24 | 6.5 | ||
Occupation | ||||
Student | 134 | 36.5 | ||
Working-student | 55 | 15 | ||
Employee | 85 | 23.2 | ||
Freelance | 30 | 8.2 | ||
Entrepreneur | 11 | 3 | ||
Manager | 5 | 1.4 | ||
Artisan | 7 | 1.9 | ||
Trader | 6 | 1.6 | ||
Retired | 7 | 1.9 | ||
Unemployed | 27 | 7.4 | ||
Experience of loss | ||||
Mourning | 219 | 59.7 | ||
Separation from important people (e.g., friends, family, partner) | 114 | 31.1 | ||
Loss of work, job opportunities, or important occasions. | 34 | 9.3 |
χ2 | df | p | NFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | Model Comparisons | Δχ2 | Δdf | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlational model | 66.171 | 21 | <0.001 | 0.930 | 0.914 | 0.950 | 0.077 | 0.056 | ||||
- | - | - | - | |||||||||
Unifactor model | 236.913 | 24 | <0.001 | 0.748 | 0.647 | 0.765 | 0.155 | 0.109 | ||||
M1-M2 | 170.742 | 3 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Bifactor model | 19.905 | 11 | <0.05 | 0.979 | 0.968 | 0.990 | 0.047 | 0.018 | ||||
M1-M3 | 46.266 | 10 | <0.001 |
1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Overwhelmed | — | 0.037 | 0.359 |
2. Controlled | –0.035 (0.052) | — | 0.790 |
3. Resilient | –0.267 (0.050) | 0.567 (0.043) | — |
α | 0.701 | 0.638 | 0.793 |
ω | 0.703 | 0.643 | 0.800 |
AAG Total Score: Vulnerability | Overwhelmed | Controlled | Resilient | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Defense mechanisms | |||||
Mature | −0.187 *** (0.386) | −0.008 (0.023) | 0.195 *** (0.331) | 0.223 *** (0.362) | |
Neurotic | 0.094 (0.248) | 0.224 *** (0.328) | 0.080 (0.157) | –0.025 (0.025) | |
Immature | 0.110 * (0.180) | 0.219 *** (0.277) | 0.107 * (0.159) | –0.089 (0.090) | |
Post-traumatic symptoms | |||||
Total score | 0.391 *** (0.248) | 0.336 *** (0.413) | −0.152 ** (0.185) | −0.339 *** (0.393) | |
Intrusion | 0.289 *** (0.059) | 0.266 *** (0.347) | −0.058 (0.069) | −0.278 *** (0.343) | |
Avoidance | 0.400 *** (0.128) | 0.338 *** (0.423) | −0.203 *** (0.255) | −0.312 *** (0.369) | |
Hyperarousal | 0.374 *** (0.130) | 0.310 *** (0.394) | −0.141 ** (0.181) | −0.339 *** (0.406) | |
Depressive symptoms | |||||
Total score | 0.435 *** (0.248) | 0.298 *** (0.362) | −0.202 *** (0.262) | −0.431 *** (0.500) | |
Somatic and Affective | 0.388 *** (0.205) | 0.277 *** (0.343) | −0.173 *** (0.226) | −0.377 *** (0.444) | |
Cognitive | 0.436 *** (0.281) | 0.285 *** (0.356) | −0.210 *** (0.284) | −0.441 *** (0.528) |
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Gori, A.; Topino, E.; Imperatore, P.; Musetti, A.; Sim, J.; Machin, L. Measuring Vulnerability in Grief: The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Adult Attitude to Grief Scale. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 975-985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060074
Gori A, Topino E, Imperatore P, Musetti A, Sim J, Machin L. Measuring Vulnerability in Grief: The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Adult Attitude to Grief Scale. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023; 13(6):975-985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060074
Chicago/Turabian StyleGori, Alessio, Eleonora Topino, Pierluigi Imperatore, Alessandro Musetti, Julius Sim, and Linda Machin. 2023. "Measuring Vulnerability in Grief: The Psychometric Properties of the Italian Adult Attitude to Grief Scale" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, no. 6: 975-985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060074