Development and Validation of the Gay-Specific Intraminority Stigma Inventory (G-SISI): Initial Evidence Underpinned by Intraminority Stress Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Community Resilience and Risk
1.2. Intraminority Gay Community Stress
1.3. Intraminority Stigma
1.4. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Demographic Questionnaire
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (Hypothesis 1)
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Hypothesis 2)
3.3. Internal Consistency (Hypothesis 3)
3.4. Construct Validity (Hypotheses 4–10)
3.4.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.4.2. Attendance at Gay-Specific Establishments or Gatherings
3.4.3. Use of Gay-Specific Dating Apps or Websites
4. Discussion
4.1. Sociodemographic Differences in Intraminority Stigma Experiences
4.2. Intraminority Stigma and Community Involvement
4.3. Intersectional Considerations
4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
4.5. Implications for Practice and Policy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | EFA Sample (n = 861) | CFA Sample (n = 862) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
% | N | % | n | |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
White | 72.5 | 624 | 72.7 | 627 |
People of Color | 27.5 | 237 | 27.3 | 235 |
Black | 7.1 | 61 | 5.5 | 47 |
Hispanic or Latino * | 9.3 | 80 | 9.9 | 85 |
Asian | 2.3 | 38 | 2.6 | 22 |
American Indian | 1.5 | 13 | 2.4 | 21 |
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.5 | 4 | 0.3 | 3 |
Biracial or Multiracial | 4.4 | 38 | 4.5 | 39 |
Another race/ethnicity | 2.4 | 21 | 2.1 | 18 |
Political Affiliation | ||||
Democrat | 65.6 | 565 | 62.3 | 537 |
Republican | 6.3 | 54 | 6.1 | 53 |
Independent | 28.1 | 242 | 31.6 | 272 |
Relationship Status | ||||
Single | 51.6 | 444 | 57.3 | 494 |
Divorced | 2.3 | 20 | 1.9 | 16 |
Widowed | 2.0 | 17 | 1.6 | 14 |
In a relationship | 23.8 | 205 | 25.3 | 218 |
Married | 20.3 | 175 | 17.4 | 150 |
M (SD) | Range | M (SD) | Range | |
Age | 41.87 (13.36) | 19–79 | 41.35 (13.36) | 19–74 |
Socioeconomic status | 2.83 (0.94) | 1–5 | 2.88 (0.92) | 1–5 |
Masculinity | 3.61 (0.77) | 1–5 | 3.65 (0.75) | 1–5 |
Perceived weight | 3.76 (0.99) | 1–9 | 3.69 (1.03) | 1–9 |
Six-Factor Solution for the G-SISI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Age Stigma M = 2.20 SD = 0.94 = 0.80 | Socioeconomic Stigma M = 2.31 SD = 0.92 = 0.78 | Gay Non-Conformity Stigma M = 2.70 SD = 0.91 = 0.60 | Racial Stigma M = 2.10 SD = 0.96 = 0.81 | Gender Expression Stigma M = 2.05 SD = 0.92 = 0.85 | Body Stigma M = 2.67 SD = 1.01 = 0.77 | Uniqueness |
1. I have been excluded from being asked to participate in activities based on my age. | 0.80 | 0.10 | |||||
2. I have been treated with less dignity and respect because of my age. | 0.76 | 0.12 | |||||
3. I have been criticized for being at a gay establishment or gathering because of my age. | 0.71 | 0.15 | |||||
4. I have been mistreated because of my perceived socioeconomic status. | 0.81 | 0.10 | |||||
5. I have been left out of group gatherings based on my perceived socioeconomic status. | 0.79 | 0.11 | |||||
6. I have been judged on my employment status and perceived level of income. | 0.63 | 0.20 | |||||
7. I have been teased for having interests and hobbies that are not typical of other gay men. | 0.75 | 0.13 | |||||
8. I have been told I do not accurately represent the cultural norms and stereotypes of a gay man. | 0.60 | 0.22 | |||||
9. I have received criticism for my political beliefs or party affiliations. | 0.46 | 0.32 | |||||
10. I have been treated with less respect based on my race/ethnicity at a gay establishment and/or gathering. | 0.81 | 0.10 | |||||
11. I have heard derogatory jokes and comments about people of my race/ethnicity at a gay bar and/or gathering. | 0.74 | 0.13 | |||||
12. I have been accused of false stereotypes based on my ethnicity or race. | 0.74 | 0.13 | |||||
13. I have been desired by someone of another race or ethnicity as a means to fulfill a fetish. | 0.58 | 0.23 | |||||
14. I have been told I need to behave more masculine or feminine. | 0.86 | 0.07 | |||||
15. I have been told I should be more or less “straight-acting.” | 0.80 | 0.10 | |||||
16. I have been called derogatory names and harassed for my gender expression (too feminine or masculine). | 0.74 | 0.13 | |||||
17. I have been teased for the way I express my gender at gay establishments and/or gatherings. | 0.65 | 0.19 | |||||
18. I have been told I should gain or lose weight. | 0.74 | 0.13 | |||||
19. I have been criticized for my body’s level of muscularity (too little or too much muscle). | 0.73 | 0.14 | |||||
20. I have been physically touched while being told I should change something about my appearance or body size. | 0.72 | 0.15 |
G-SISI Subscale | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age Stigma | -- | |||||
2. Socioeconomic Stigma | 0.57 * | -- | ||||
3. Gay Non-Conformity Stigma | 0.42 * | 0.44 * | -- | |||
4. Racial Stigma | 0.32 * | 0.41 * | 0.38 * | -- | ||
5. Gender Expression Stigma | 0.41 * | 0.48 * | 0.41 * | 0.45 * | -- | |
6. Body Stigma | 0.43 * | 0.51 * | 0.42 * | 0.40 * | 0.61 * | -- |
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Shepherd, B.F.; Maki, J.L.; Zelaya, D.G.; Warner, Ş.; Wilson, A.; Brochu, P.M. Development and Validation of the Gay-Specific Intraminority Stigma Inventory (G-SISI): Initial Evidence Underpinned by Intraminority Stress Theory. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2023, 13, 170-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13010013
Shepherd BF, Maki JL, Zelaya DG, Warner Ş, Wilson A, Brochu PM. Development and Validation of the Gay-Specific Intraminority Stigma Inventory (G-SISI): Initial Evidence Underpinned by Intraminority Stress Theory. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2023; 13(1):170-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleShepherd, Benjamin F., Justin L. Maki, David G. Zelaya, Şeniz Warner, Adriana Wilson, and Paula M. Brochu. 2023. "Development and Validation of the Gay-Specific Intraminority Stigma Inventory (G-SISI): Initial Evidence Underpinned by Intraminority Stress Theory" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, no. 1: 170-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13010013
APA StyleShepherd, B. F., Maki, J. L., Zelaya, D. G., Warner, Ş., Wilson, A., & Brochu, P. M. (2023). Development and Validation of the Gay-Specific Intraminority Stigma Inventory (G-SISI): Initial Evidence Underpinned by Intraminority Stress Theory. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(1), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13010013