Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Working Adults in the Czech Republic: Analysis of Self-Report Psychological Data in a One Year Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Ethical Statement
References
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CWS | Age | Phase (PE) | Anxiety | Depression | Distress | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | PE-1 | PE-2 | PE-1 | PE-2 | PE-1 | PE-2 | ||||||||
N | N | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Women | 709 | 529 | 7.11 | 4.45 | 7.37 | 4.56 | 5.59 | 3.80 | 5.95 | 4.14 | 5.09 | 4.12 | 5.59 | 4.37 | |
CWS-I | 18–25 | 44 | 22 | 8.77 | 4.88 | 6.91 | 3.95 | 6.86 | 3.22 | 5.23 | 4.42 | 7.55 | 4.25 | 6.64 | 4.76 |
26–34 | 101 | 48 | 6.33 | 4.07 | 8.04 | 5.52 | 5.33 | 3.19 | 7.27 | 4.42 | 5.16 | 3.96 | 6.83 | 4.60 | |
35–44 | 104 | 45 | 7.70 | 4.78 | 7.24 | 4.55 | 6.33 | 4.28 | 6.69 | 4.57 | 4.94 | 4.14 | 5.87 | 4.63 | |
45–64 | 98 | 45 | 7.30 | 4.36 | 7.04 | 4.22 | 5.55 | 3.85 | 6.09 | 4.36 | 4.45 | 4.17 | 4.58 | 3.89 | |
Total | 347 | 160 | 7.32 | 4.53 | 7.38 | 4.68 | 5.88 | 3.76 | 6.49 | 4.46 | 5.20 | 4.20 | 5.90 | 4.49 | |
CWS-C | 18–25 | 65 | 66 | 6.32 | 4.47 | 7.92 | 4.69 | 4.89 | 3.31 | 6.52 | 4.07 | 5.66 | 4.50 | 7.20 | 4.65 |
26–34 | 72 | 90 | 7.64 | 4.66 | 7.48 | 4.52 | 6.13 | 4.05 | 5.21 | 3.67 | 5.76 | 4.32 | 5.90 | 4.27 | |
35–44 | 81 | 100 | 6.65 | 4.32 | 7.40 | 4.60 | 5.22 | 3.98 | 5.76 | 4.49 | 4.60 | 3.85 | 5.49 | 4.19 | |
45–64 | 144 | 113 | 6.94 | 4.21 | 6.91 | 4.32 | 5.14 | 3.80 | 5.63 | 3.66 | 4.51 | 3.72 | 4.06 | 3.83 | |
Total | 362 | 369 | 6.91 | 4.38 | 7.36 | 4.51 | 5.31 | 3.82 | 5.72 | 3.98 | 4.99 | 4.04 | 5.46 | 4.31 | |
Men | 221 | 144 | 4.80 | 3.87 | 5.47 | 3.94 | 4.49 | 3.64 | 4.70 | 3.69 | 3.40 | 3.53 | 3.54 | 3.67 | |
CWS-I | 18–25 | 10 | 6 | 5.20 | 2.62 | 9.17 | 6.65 | 6.90 | 3.07 | 6.00 | 2.37 | 6.50 | 3.10 | 7.50 | 5.24 |
26–34 | 31 | 14 | 5.26 | 4.46 | 6.07 | 3.83 | 4.52 | 3.29 | 6.64 | 4.55 | 3.55 | 4.06 | 4.14 | 2.80 | |
35–44 | 21 | 8 | 6.14 | 4.80 | 6.00 | 3.66 | 4.90 | 3.53 | 6.25 | 3.88 | 3.62 | 3.93 | 5.25 | 3.65 | |
45–64 | 22 | 13 | 4.95 | 4.31 | 6.08 | 3.50 | 4.77 | 3.78 | 4.92 | 2.78 | 3.18 | 3.91 | 3.15 | 3.16 | |
Total | 84 | 41 | 5.39 | 4.29 | 6.51 | 4.19 | 4.96 | 3.48 | 5.93 | 3.59 | 3.82 | 3.95 | 4.54 | 3.66 | |
CWS-C | 18–25 | 33 | 12 | 4.58 | 3.73 | 6.58 | 4.42 | 4.27 | 4.15 | 5.92 | 4.08 | 4.12 | 4.23 | 5.58 | 4.85 |
26–34 | 42 | 37 | 4.40 | 3.52 | 5.27 | 4.07 | 4.31 | 4.09 | 4.24 | 3.74 | 3.00 | 2.85 | 3.16 | 3.46 | |
35–44 | 22 | 28 | 5.45 | 3.26 | 5.36 | 3.62 | 4.00 | 2.83 | 4.21 | 3.07 | 2.82 | 2.67 | 2.79 | 3.01 | |
45–64 | 40 | 26 | 3.78 | 3.58 | 3.73 | 2.88 | 4.15 | 3.48 | 3.38 | 3.76 | 2.65 | 2.86 | 2.38 | 3.52 | |
Total | 137 | 103 | 4.43 | 3.55 | 5.06 | 3.77 | 4.20 | 3.72 | 4.21 | 3.63 | 3.14 | 3.23 | 3.15 | 3.62 |
Factor | MHI 1 | Groups | Est. MM | 95% CI | F (df 1) | SMD | Sig. | Gender Effect 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Gender 2 | Distress ** | W | 5.40 | 5.16 | 5.64 | 51.75 | 0.43 | 0.00 | – |
M | 3.60 | 3.15 | 4.06 | ||||||
Anxiety ** | W | 7.25 | 6.99 | 7.51 | 42.64 | 0.43 | 0.00 | – | |
M | 5.33 | 4.84 | 5.83 | ||||||
Depression ** | W | 5.86 | 5.63 | 6.08 | 14.60 | 0.27 | 0.00 | – | |
M | 4.82 | 4.38 | 5.25 | ||||||
CWS 2 | Distress * | I | 4.83 | 4.41 | 5.25 | 7.88 | 0.16 | 0.01 | * SMD(M) = 0.25 |
C | 4.17 | 3.87 | 4.46 | ||||||
Anxiety * | I | 6.64 | 6.19 | 7.10 | 6.42 | 0.16 | 0.01 | ** SMD(M) = 0.27 | |
C | 5.94 | 5.62 | 6.26 | ||||||
Depression ** | I | 5.81 | 5.41 | 6.22 | 18.35 | 0.24 | 0.00 | ** SMD(W) = 0.17 | |
C | 4.86 | 4.58 | 5.14 | ** SMD(M) = 0.32 | |||||
PE 2 | Distress | PE-1 | 4.27 | 3.96 | 4.58 | 3.32 | −0.11 | 0.07 | * SMD(W) = 0.12 |
PE-2 | 4.73 | 4.32 | 5.14 | ||||||
Anxienty * | PE-1 | 6.01 | 5.67 | 6.35 | 5.99 | −0.13 | 0.02 | ||
PE-2 | 6.57 | 6.13 | 7.01 | ||||||
Depression | PE-1 | 5.09 | 4.79 | 5.39 | 3.88 | −0.13 | 0.07 | ** SMD(W) = 0.13 | |
PE-2 | 5.58 | 5.19 | 5.98 | ||||||
Age Group Factor 3 | |||||||||
Gender | MHI 1 | Age | Est. MM | 95% CI | F (df 3) | Sig. | Pairwise tests 1 | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
Women | Distress ** | 18–25 | 6.76 | 6.14 | 7.38 | 13.86 | 0.00 | 18–25 > 26–34 **, 35–44 **, 45–64 **; 26–35 > 45–64 ** | |
26–34 | 5.91 | 5.45 | 6.38 | ||||||
35–44 | 5.23 | 4.77 | 5.68 | ||||||
45–64 | 4.40 | 3.97 | 4.83 | ||||||
Anxiety | 18–25 | 7.48 | 6.81 | 8.15 | 0.44 | 0.73 | |||
26–34 | 7.37 | 6.87 | 7.88 | ||||||
35–44 | 7.25 | 6.75 | 7.75 | ||||||
45–64 | 7.05 | 6.58 | 7.52 | ||||||
Depression | 18–25 | 5.87 | 5.28 | 6.47 | 0.70 | 0.55 | |||
26–34 | 5.98 | 5.54 | 6.43 | ||||||
35–44 | 6.00 | 5.56 | 6.44 | ||||||
45–64 | 5.60 | 5.19 | 6.02 | ||||||
Men | Distress ** | 18–25 | 5.93 | 4.71 | 7.14 | 7.75 | 0.00 | 18–25 > 26–34 **, 35–44 **, 45–64 ** | |
26–34 | 3.46 | 2.69 | 4.24 | ||||||
35–44 | 3.62 | 2.63 | 4.61 | ||||||
45–64 | 2.84 | 1.99 | 3.69 | ||||||
Anxiety * | 18–25 | 6.38 | 5.06 | 7.70 | 2.22 | 0.09 | |||
26–34 | 5.25 | 4.41 | 6.09 | ||||||
35–44 | 5.74 | 4.66 | 6.82 | ||||||
45–64 | 4.63 | 3.71 | 5.56 | ||||||
Depression | 18–25 | 5.77 | 4.60 | 6.94 | 1.55 | 0.20 | |||
26–34 | 4.93 | 4.18 | 5.67 | ||||||
35–44 | 4.84 | 3.89 | 5.80 | ||||||
45–64 | 4.31 | 3.49 | 5.12 |
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Kučera, D.; Stuchlíková, I.; Mrhálek, T. Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Working Adults in the Czech Republic: Analysis of Self-Report Psychological Data in a One Year Perspective. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2021, 11, 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030079
Kučera D, Stuchlíková I, Mrhálek T. Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Working Adults in the Czech Republic: Analysis of Self-Report Psychological Data in a One Year Perspective. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11(3):1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030079
Chicago/Turabian StyleKučera, Dalibor, Iva Stuchlíková, and Tomáš Mrhálek. 2021. "Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Working Adults in the Czech Republic: Analysis of Self-Report Psychological Data in a One Year Perspective" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 3: 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030079
APA StyleKučera, D., Stuchlíková, I., & Mrhálek, T. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Working Adults in the Czech Republic: Analysis of Self-Report Psychological Data in a One Year Perspective. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3), 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030079