Adequate Iodine Intake among Young Adults in Jiangsu Province, China Despite a Medium Iodine Knowledge Score
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Assessment of Iodine Knowledge Level
2.2. Assessment of Dietary Iodine Intake
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (n = 150) | Males (n = 57) | Females (n = 93) | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 20.3 ± 2.0 | 21.1 ± 1.9 | 19.8 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Levels of study, n (%) | ||||
Undergraduate | 146 (97.3) | 55 (96.5) | 91 (97.8) | nd 1 |
Postgraduate | 4 (2.7) | 2 (3.5) | 2 (2.2) | |
Clusters, n (%) | ||||
Science | 25 (16.7) | 9 (15.8) | 16 (17.2) | <0.001 |
Non-science | 125 (83.3) | 48 (84.2) | 77 (82.8) | |
Supplement use | ||||
Yes | 36 (24.0) | 18 (31.5) | 18 (19.4) | 0.132 |
No | 114 (76.0) | 39 (68.4) | 75 (80.6) | |
Smokers | 9 (6.0) | 5 (8.8) | 4 (4.3) | 0.271 |
Have experienced thyroid condition before | ||||
Yes | 3 (2.0) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (2.2) | nd 1 |
No | 147 (98.0) | 56 (98.2) | 91 (97.8) | |
Have received iodine education before | ||||
Yes | 74 (49.3) | 28 (49.1) | 46 (49.5) | 0.968 |
No | 76 (50.7) | 29 (50.9) | 47 (50.5) | |
Iodized salt users at home | ||||
Yes | 48 (32.0) | 16 (28.1) | 32 (34.4) | 0.713 |
No 2 | 102 (68.0) | 41 (71.9) | 61 (65.6) |
Iodine Knowledge | Total (n = 150) | Males (n = 57) | Females (n = 93) | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Most important dietary iodine sources, n (%) | ||||
Meat | 15 (10) | 5 (8.8) | 10 (10.8) | 0.695 |
Milk | 10 (6.7) | 5 (8.8) | 5 (5.4) | 0.425 |
Fruits | 11 (7.3) | 4 (7.0) | 7 (7.5) | 0.907 |
Fish and seafood | 142 (94.7) | 55 (96.5) | 87 (93.5) | 0.423 |
Bread | 5 (3.3) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (4.3) | nd 1 |
Vegetable oil | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | nd 1 |
Nuts | 16 (10.7) | 9 (15.8) | 7 (7.5) | 0.112 |
Iodized salt | 125 (83.3) | 51 (89.5) | 74 (79.6) | 0.114 |
Do not know | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | nd 1 |
Iodine is important for, n (%) | ||||
Normal child growth and development | 95 (63.3) | 34 (59.6) | 61 (65.6) | 0.464 |
Preventing blindness | 21 (14.0) | 9 (15.8) | 12 (12.9) | 0.621 |
Normal fetal development | 57 (38.0) | 20 (35.1) | 37 (39.8) | 0.565 |
Strength in teeth and skeleton | 31 (20.7) | 13 (22.8) | 18 (19.4) | 0.612 |
Maintaining normal metabolism | 65 (43.3) | 29 (50.9) | 36 (38.7) | 0.144 |
Preventing spina bifida | 23 (15.3) | 8 (14) | 15 (16.1) | 0.730 |
Do not know | 10 (6.7) | 3 (5.3) | 7 (7.5) | 0.584 |
Iodine status in China, n (%) | ||||
Too low intake is a current problem | 20 (13.3) | 9 (15.8) | 11 (11.8) | 0.488 |
Too high intake is a current problem | 20 (13.3) | 7 (12.3) | 13 (14) | 0.767 |
Too low intake was a problem earlier, not now | 91 (60.7) | 39 (68.4) | 52 (55.9) | 0.148 |
Do not know | 20 (13.3) | 2 (3.5) | 18 (19.4) | 0.006 |
Food Categories | Examples of Foods | Contribution to Iodine Intake (%) |
---|---|---|
Staple food | Steamed bread, rolls, and cakes | 1.7 |
Rice and rice products | 5.9 | |
Buns, dumplings, and wonton | 0.7 | |
Noodles, vermicelli, and ramen | 2.8 | |
Porridge | 1.0 | |
Total | 12.2 | |
Beans and bean products | Beans | 0.2 |
Soybean milk | 3.0 | |
Bean product | 0.8 | |
Total | 4.0 | |
Meat | Pork | 0.1 |
Beef and mutton | 0.3 | |
Chicken | 0.3 | |
Meat product | 8.6 | |
Total | 9.3 | |
Eggs | Egg | 7.3 |
Duck egg | 4.0 | |
Century egg | 1.7 | |
Salted duck egg | 3.6 | |
Total | 16.6 | |
Milk and dairy products | Milk | 14.0 |
Yogurt | 3.6 | |
Total | 17.6 | |
Aquatic products | Freshwater fish | 1.5 |
Sea fish | 3.9 | |
Shrimps | 3.7 | |
Kelp | 2.7 | |
Seaweed | 17.7 | |
Total | 29.5 | |
Vegetables | Fresh vegetables | 3.3 |
Lotus root | 0.9 | |
Agarics and snow fungus | 0.3 | |
Small pickles | 0.2 | |
Total | 4.7 | |
Fruits and nuts | Fruits | 5.0 |
Peanut | 0.1 | |
Red dates | 0.0 | |
Other nuts | 0.1 | |
Total | 0.2 | |
Snacks | Cookies | 0.4 |
Cake | 0.6 | |
Total | 1.0 |
Iodine Knowledge Score | Males (n = 57) | Females (n = 93) | P-Value | Total (n = 150) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total score | 17 (14–19) 1 | 16 (13–19) | 0.194 | 16 (14–19) 1 |
Score categories, n (%) | ||||
Low to medium | 39 (68.4%) | 65 (69.9%) | 0.096 | 104 (69.4) |
High | 18 (31.6%) | 28 (30.1%) | 46 (30.7) |
Iodine Intake (μg/d) | P-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low and Medium Iodine Knowledge Level (n = 104) | High Iodine Knowledge Level (n = 46) | ||
Total (n = 150) | 267 (237, 298) 1 | 255 (235, 281) | 0.713 |
Males (n = 57) | 265 (236, 318) | 255 (246, 298) | 0.427 |
Females (n = 93) | 267 (235, 287) | 256 (233, 279) | 0.738 |
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Jin, Y.; Luo, X.; Ma, Z.F.; Dong, Z.; Carciofo, R.; Li, X.; Skeaff, S. Adequate Iodine Intake among Young Adults in Jiangsu Province, China Despite a Medium Iodine Knowledge Score. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2020, 10, 554-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010040
Jin Y, Luo X, Ma ZF, Dong Z, Carciofo R, Li X, Skeaff S. Adequate Iodine Intake among Young Adults in Jiangsu Province, China Despite a Medium Iodine Knowledge Score. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2020; 10(1):554-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010040
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Yifan, Xiaoqin Luo, Zheng Feei Ma, Zihan Dong, Richard Carciofo, Xinli Li, and Sheila Skeaff. 2020. "Adequate Iodine Intake among Young Adults in Jiangsu Province, China Despite a Medium Iodine Knowledge Score" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 10, no. 1: 554-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010040
APA StyleJin, Y., Luo, X., Ma, Z. F., Dong, Z., Carciofo, R., Li, X., & Skeaff, S. (2020). Adequate Iodine Intake among Young Adults in Jiangsu Province, China Despite a Medium Iodine Knowledge Score. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(1), 554-563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010040