Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Process Simulation
2.2. Techno-Economic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AER | Alberta Energy Regulator |
ASU | Air separation Unit |
CAPEXs | Capital expenses |
CEPCI | Chemical engineering plant cost index |
CPOX | Catalytic partial oxidation |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
FCIs | Fixed capital investments |
FT | Fischer–Tropsch |
GtL | Gas to liquid |
LNG | Liquefied natural gas |
MRU | Micro refinery unit |
NG | Natural gas |
NPV | Net present value |
OPEXs | Operating expenses |
PWF | Present worth factor |
TCI | Total capital investment |
WGS | Water–gas shift |
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Natural Gas [42] | Landfill Gas [43] | Biogas [44,45] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Most Likely Value | Max | |||||
CH4 | 19.2 | 9.0 | 99.5 | 52.5 | 2.5 | 48.0 | 5.8 |
C2H6 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 93.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
C3H8 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 41.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
N2 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 80.2 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 16.4 | 6.7 |
CO2 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 39.7 | 50.0 | 3.3 | 31.9 | 4.1 |
O2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 2.1 |
CO | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Item | Fraction of Delivered Equipment, |
---|---|
Purchased Equipment Installation, | 0.15 |
Instrumentation and Controls, | 0.36 |
Piping, | 0.16 |
Electrical Systems, | 0.10 |
Building, | 0.00 |
Service Facilities, | 0.30 |
Yard Improvement | 0.00 |
Engineering and Supervision, | 0.01 |
Construction Expenses, | 0.34 |
Legal Expenses, | 0.04 |
Contractor’s Fee, | 0.17 |
Contingency, | 0.32 |
Case | |||
---|---|---|---|
Value | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Feedstock Price | 0.23 USD kg−1 [55] | 0 | −50 tCO2eq In Feed, USD |
Product Price (USD kg−1) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 [56] |
Year | −1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
PWF | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Case | Production, kg y | Average Payback Time, y | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | - | - | |
2 | - | - | |
3 | 33.54 | 14.96 | |
4 | 5.68 | 0.47 | |
5 | 3.13 | 0.19 | |
6 | 2.16 | 0.12 | |
7 | 1.65 | 0.08 | |
8 | 1.33 | 0.06 | |
9 | 1.12 | 0.05 |
Product Price, USD kg | |||||
Flowrate, kmol h | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | ||
Raw Material Price, USD kg−1 | 0.2322 | 25 | - | - | - |
50 | - | - | - | ||
100 | - | - | - | ||
0 | 25 | - | 13 ± 1 | 3.7 ± 0.13 | |
50 | 13 ± 2 | 3.1 ± 0.19 | 1.8 ± 0.09 | ||
100 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.11 | 1.2 ± 0.07 | ||
Negative | 25 | 1.8 ± 0.11 | 1.3 ± 0.15 | 1.1 ± 0.10 | |
50 | 0.56 ± 0.1 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | ||
100 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.20 ± 0.02 |
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Galli, F.; Lai, J.-J.; De Tommaso, J.; Pauletto, G.; Patience, G.S. Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas. Processes 2021, 9, 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091568
Galli F, Lai J-J, De Tommaso J, Pauletto G, Patience GS. Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091568
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalli, Federico, Jun-Jie Lai, Jacopo De Tommaso, Gianluca Pauletto, and Gregory S. Patience. 2021. "Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas" Processes 9, no. 9: 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091568