Techno-Economic Assessment of a Grid-Independent Hybrid Power Plant for Co-Supplying a Remote Micro-Community with Electricity and Hydrogen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Case Study Area
4. Technical Characteristics
4.1. Modeling of PV System
- : the rated capacity of the PV system under standard environment in kW,
- : derating or reduction factor which impacts the performance of the PV under real-world conditions in %,
- : the solar radiation incident on the PV module in kW/m2,
- : the solar radiation incident under standard test conditions in kW/m2,
- : the temperature coefficient of power in ,
- : the PV cell temperature in the current time step in ,
- : the PV cell temperature under standard test conditions in .
- : the ambient temperature in ,
- : the PV nominal cell temperature, denoting the surface temperature that the PV may reach when exposed to a condition under which solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind velocity are 0.8 kW/m2, 20 , 1 m/s, respectively,
- : the electrical conversion efficiency of the PV system in %.
- : the beam radiation in kW/m2,
- : the diffuse radiation in kW/m2,
- : the average extraterrestrial horizontal radiation in kW/m2,
- : the angle of incidence or the angle between the sun’s beam radiation and the PV surface in .
- : the zenith angle in . It constitutes zero or 90 if the sun is directly overhead or at the horizon, respectively,
- : the slope of the surface in .
- : albedo in %, indicating the portion of solar radiation striking the ground and then reflecting. This value may change from 20% to 70% according to the surrounding area of the PV systems.
4.2. Modeling of Wind Turbine
- : the actual air density in kg/m3,
- : the area swept by the blades of the nominated turbine in m2,
- : the wind speed at the current time step in m/s,
- : the coefficient of the turbine performance in %,
- : the combined efficiency of the turbine and its generator,
- : the whole time that the total produced energy is to be projected.
- : the recorded wind speed at the height of the anemometer in m/s,
- : the distance between the rotor of the nominated wind turbine and the ground in m,
- : the anemometer height in m,
- : the power law coefficient (Equation (6)).
4.3. Modeling of Hydrokinetic Turbine
- : the density of water in kg/m3,
- : the area rotated by the blades of the hydrokinetic turbine in m2,
- : the speed of water flow in m/s,
- : the combined efficiency of the hydrokinetic turbine and the generator,
- : the whole time during which the hydrokinetic turbine operates and the produced energy is to be projected,
- : the performance coefficient of hydrokinetic turbine which can be obtained by Equation (8) [47].
- : the amount of power that is produced by the rotor in kW,
- : the amount of power available in the free stream in kW.
4.4. Modeling of Inverter
- : the power sent to the load side from output of the inverter in kW,
- : the input power of the inverter,
- : the efficiency of the inverter.
4.5. Modeling of Battery
- : the voltage in bus,
- : the efficiency of the battery in %,
- : the load power of the battery in kW that can be determined by Equation (11) [48].
- : the constant energy storage rate,
- : the amount of energy available at the start of the operating interval and above the minimum state of charge,
- : the total energy at the start of the passage of time,
- : the storage capacity ratio,
- : the time interval.
- : life expectancy of the system, which is the lifetime of the project,
- : the duration of the battery in the last year operation of the system,
- : the period of time from the beginning of the year to the last battery replaced.
4.6. Modeling of Electrolyzer
- : the electrolyzer current,
- : the number of total cells which are in series in the electrolyzer,
- : the coefficient of Faraday,
- : the Faraday efficiency that can be determined by Equation (14) [48].
- and : the coefficients of curve consumption in kW/kg/h,
- : The nominal mass flow rate of hydrogen in kg/h.
5. Economic Features
- : the lifetime of the project, same as in Equation (12),
- : the real amount of interest rate in % determined by Equation (17),
- : the capital recovery factor obtained by Equation (18),
- : the total annualized cost of the system equating to the aggregation of capital cost, replacement cost and OM cost.
- : the nominal interest rate in %,
- : the inflation rate.
- : the value of electricity in $/kWh,
- : the total amount of hydrogen gained at the output of the electrolyzer in kg.
6. Assumptions
7. Techno-Economic Assessment
8. Sensitivity Analysis and Discussion
9. Conclusions
10. Future Research Direct
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Size/Number | Lifetime (yr) | Capital Cost | Replacement Cost | OM Cost | Other Specifications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind turbine | 10 (kW) | 20 | 2000 ($/kW) | 1200 ($/kW) | 100 ($/kW/yr) | Electrical bus: AC Hub height: 16 m Rotor diameter: 15.8 m Cut-in wind velocity: 2.75 m/s Cut-out wind velocity: 20 m/s |
PV system | 40 (kW) | 25 | 1300 ($/kW) | 1300 ($/kW) | 20 ($/kW/yr) | Electrical bus: AC Derating (reduction) factor: 96% Temperature coefficient: −0.41% operating temperature: 45 Efficiency at standard test conditions: 17.3% Ground reflectance: 20% Tracking system: no tacking |
Hydrokinetic turbine | 20 (kW) | 20 | 35,000 ($/#) | 21,000 ($/#) | 1200 ($/#/yr) | Electrical bus: AC Size: 2.3 m × 3 m Weight: 750 kg Rotor diameter: 1.54 m Water depth required: 3 m |
Converter | 25 (kW) | 10 | 300 ($/kW) | 300 ($/kW) | 0 | Rectifier efficiency: 94% Inverter efficiency: 96% Rectifier relative capacity: 80% |
Battery | 1(#) | 20 | 12,000 ($/#) | 12,000 ($/#) | 20 ($/yr) | Type: vanadium redox flow battery Throughput: 876,000 kWh Nominal Voltage: 48 V Nominal Capacity: 100 kWh Roundtrip efficiency: 64% Maximum charge current: 200 (A) Maximum discharge current: 313 (A) Initial state of charge: 100% |
Electrolyzer | 20 (kW) | 15 | 2000 ($/kW) | 2000 ($/kW) | 50 ($/kW/yr) | Electrical bus: DC Efficiency: 85% |
Hydrogen Tank | 100 (kg) | 25 | 300 ($/kg) | 300 ($/kg) | 0 | Initial tank level: 0 |
Component | Capital ($) | Replacement ($) | OM ($) | Salvage ($) | Total ($) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind turbine | 20,000 | 0 | 45,309 | 0 | 65,309 |
PV system | 52,000 | 0 | 36,247 | −42,347 | 45,900 |
Hydrokinetic turbine | 35,000 | 0 | 54,371 | 0 | 89,371 |
Converter | 7500 | 15,134 | 0 | 0 | 22,634 |
Battery | 12,000 | 0 | 906 | 0 | 12,906 |
Electrolyzer | 40,000 | 114,657 | 45,309 | −108,581 | 91,385 |
Hydrogen Tank | 30,000 | 0 | 0 | −24,431 | 5569 |
System | 196,500 | 129,791 | 182,142 | −175,359 | 333,074 |
System | PV (kW) | WT (#) | HKT (#) | NPC ($) | LCOE ($/kWh) | LCOH ($/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single source | 0 | 0 | 3 | 400,607 | 0.1389 | 4.82 |
Single source | 0 | 7 | 0 | 589,657 | 0.2230 | 8.27 |
Double source | 0 | 1 | 2 | 376,545 | 0.1306 | 4.95 |
Double source | 0 | 3 | 1 | 417,792 | 0.1454 | 5.53 |
Double source | 40 | 0 | 2 | 357,136 | 0.1239 | 4.10 |
Double source | 198 | 0 | 1 | 449,072 | 0.1558 | 6.37 |
Double source | 40 | 4 | 0 | 439,631 | 0.1547 | 5.74 |
Double source | 157 | 2 | 0 | 443,272 | 0.1551 | 6.29 |
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Xia, T.; Rezaei, M.; Dampage, U.; Alharbi, S.A.; Nasif, O.; Borowski, P.F.; Mohamed, M.A. Techno-Economic Assessment of a Grid-Independent Hybrid Power Plant for Co-Supplying a Remote Micro-Community with Electricity and Hydrogen. Processes 2021, 9, 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081375
Xia T, Rezaei M, Dampage U, Alharbi SA, Nasif O, Borowski PF, Mohamed MA. Techno-Economic Assessment of a Grid-Independent Hybrid Power Plant for Co-Supplying a Remote Micro-Community with Electricity and Hydrogen. Processes. 2021; 9(8):1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081375
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Tian, Mostafa Rezaei, Udaya Dampage, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Omaima Nasif, Piotr F. Borowski, and Mohamed A. Mohamed. 2021. "Techno-Economic Assessment of a Grid-Independent Hybrid Power Plant for Co-Supplying a Remote Micro-Community with Electricity and Hydrogen" Processes 9, no. 8: 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081375