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10.3390/pr9081289
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Article

Bioenergy Potential of Albumin, Acetic Acid, Sucrose, and Blood in Microbial Fuel Cells Treating Synthetic Wastewater

by
Madiha Tariq
1,†,
Jin Wang
2,†,
Zulfiqar Ahmad Bhatti
1,
Muhammad Bilal
1,
Adeel Jalal Malik
3,
Mohammad Salim Akhter
4,
Qaisar Mahmood
1,5,*,
Shahid Hussain
6,
Ayman Ghfar
7,
Murefah Mana Al-Anazy
8 and
Mohamed Ouladsmane
7
1
Department of Environmental Sciences, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22060, Pakistan
2
Department of Landscape and Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3
Department of Development Studies, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22060, Pakistan
4
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
5
School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
6
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
7
Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department P.O. Box 2455, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 84428, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
First two authors equally contributed in the manuscript.
Processes 2021, 9(8), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081289
Submission received: 7 May 2021 / Revised: 17 June 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 26 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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Abstract

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a recent biotechnology that can simultaneously produce electricity and treat wastewater. As the nature of industrial wastewater is very complex, and it may contain a variety of substrates—such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc.—previous investigations dealt with treatment of individual pollutants in MFCs; the potential of acetic acid, sucrose, albumin, blood, and their mixture has rarely been reported. Hence, the current investigation explored the contribution of each substrate, both separately and in mixture. The voltage generation potential, current, and power density of five different substrates—namely, acetic acid, sucrose, albumin, blood, and a mixture of all of the substrates—was tested in a dual-chambered, anaerobic MFC operated at 35 °C. The reaction time of the anaerobic batch mode MFC was 24 h, and each substrate was treated for 7 runs under the same conditions. The dual-chambered MFC consisted of anode and cathode chambers; the anode chamber contained the biocatalyst (sludge), while the cathode chamber contained the oxidizing material (KMnO4). The maximum voltage of 769 mV was generated by acetic acid, while its corresponding values of current and power density were 7.69 mA and 347.85 mW, respectively. Similarly, being a simple and readily oxidizable substrate, acetic acid exhibited the highest COD removal efficiency (85%) and highest Coulombic efficiency (72%) per run. The anode accepted the highest number of electrons (0.078 mmol/L) when acetic acid was used as a substrate. The voltage, current, and power density generated were found to be directly proportional to COD concentration. The least voltage (61 mV), current (0.61 mA), and power density (2.18 mW) were observed when blood was treated in the MFC. Further research should be focused on testing the interaction of two or more substrates simultaneously in the MFC.
Keywords: microbial electrochemical technology; Coulombic efficiency; electronic equivalents; voltage generation; substrates microbial electrochemical technology; Coulombic efficiency; electronic equivalents; voltage generation; substrates

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tariq, M.; Wang, J.; Bhatti, Z.A.; Bilal, M.; Malik, A.J.; Akhter, M.S.; Mahmood, Q.; Hussain, S.; Ghfar, A.; Al-Anazy, M.M.; et al. Bioenergy Potential of Albumin, Acetic Acid, Sucrose, and Blood in Microbial Fuel Cells Treating Synthetic Wastewater. Processes 2021, 9, 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081289

AMA Style

Tariq M, Wang J, Bhatti ZA, Bilal M, Malik AJ, Akhter MS, Mahmood Q, Hussain S, Ghfar A, Al-Anazy MM, et al. Bioenergy Potential of Albumin, Acetic Acid, Sucrose, and Blood in Microbial Fuel Cells Treating Synthetic Wastewater. Processes. 2021; 9(8):1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081289

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tariq, Madiha, Jin Wang, Zulfiqar Ahmad Bhatti, Muhammad Bilal, Adeel Jalal Malik, Mohammad Salim Akhter, Qaisar Mahmood, Shahid Hussain, Ayman Ghfar, Murefah Mana Al-Anazy, and et al. 2021. "Bioenergy Potential of Albumin, Acetic Acid, Sucrose, and Blood in Microbial Fuel Cells Treating Synthetic Wastewater" Processes 9, no. 8: 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081289

APA Style

Tariq, M., Wang, J., Bhatti, Z. A., Bilal, M., Malik, A. J., Akhter, M. S., Mahmood, Q., Hussain, S., Ghfar, A., Al-Anazy, M. M., & Ouladsmane, M. (2021). Bioenergy Potential of Albumin, Acetic Acid, Sucrose, and Blood in Microbial Fuel Cells Treating Synthetic Wastewater. Processes, 9(8), 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081289

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