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10.3390/pr9101810
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Article

Harnessing the Potential of Symbiotic Endophytic Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Enhance Soil Quality in Saline Soils

by
Zahra Rouydel
1,
Mohsen Barin
1,*,
Mir Hassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani
1,
Maryam Khezri
2,
Ramesh Raju Vetukuri
3,* and
Sandeep Kushwaha
3,4
1
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
2
Iranian Research Institute of Plant Potection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 1985713133, Iran
3
Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden
4
Department National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2021, 9(10), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101810
Submission received: 19 September 2021 / Revised: 4 October 2021 / Accepted: 8 October 2021 / Published: 12 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Microorganisms in Remediating Contaminated Soils)
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Abstract

Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and production worldwide. Some microorganisms can improve the plants’ tolerance to salinity. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was performed to understand the influence of various microorganisms on soil biological indices and wheat growth under different saline conditions. The factors varied in the experiment were the microbial treatment (rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungus, and control) and salinity stress (0.5, 8, and 14 dS m−1). Rhizobacteria were isolated from saline soils, but the fungi were prepared from a microbial bank. Overall, ten isolates were purified, and three with promising growth-promoting properties were identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. The selected isolates belonged to the genera Pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa Ur83 and P. fluorescens Ur67) and Stenotrophomonas (S. maltophilia Ur52). Soil quality indices were found to decrease with increasing salinity, but inoculation with microorganisms alleviated this decline. Inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) increased basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, and carbon availability by factors of 1.37, 1.27, 1.83, 3.07, 1.29, and 1.11, respectively. These results show that inoculation with symbiotic microorganisms can improve agricultural soil quality under saline conditions and may thus be valuable in agriculture.
Keywords: biological indices; endophytic; micro-organisms; salinity; wheat biological indices; endophytic; micro-organisms; salinity; wheat

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rouydel, Z.; Barin, M.; Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M.H.; Khezri, M.; Vetukuri, R.R.; Kushwaha, S. Harnessing the Potential of Symbiotic Endophytic Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Enhance Soil Quality in Saline Soils. Processes 2021, 9, 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101810

AMA Style

Rouydel Z, Barin M, Rasouli-Sadaghiani MH, Khezri M, Vetukuri RR, Kushwaha S. Harnessing the Potential of Symbiotic Endophytic Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Enhance Soil Quality in Saline Soils. Processes. 2021; 9(10):1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101810

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rouydel, Zahra, Mohsen Barin, Mir Hassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani, Maryam Khezri, Ramesh Raju Vetukuri, and Sandeep Kushwaha. 2021. "Harnessing the Potential of Symbiotic Endophytic Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Enhance Soil Quality in Saline Soils" Processes 9, no. 10: 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101810

APA Style

Rouydel, Z., Barin, M., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M. H., Khezri, M., Vetukuri, R. R., & Kushwaha, S. (2021). Harnessing the Potential of Symbiotic Endophytic Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Enhance Soil Quality in Saline Soils. Processes, 9(10), 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101810

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