Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Refrigerants
2.2. Numerical Modeling of VCRC-Based Refrigeration System
2.3. Comparison of EES Model Using Vapor Compression Refrigeration System
2.4. Error Analysis of Results
2.5. Comparison of VCRC for HFO refrigerants
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Effect of Condenser Pressure on Refrigeration Effect
3.2. Refrigeration Effect as a Function of Evaporator Pressure
3.3. Effect of Condenser Pressure on Compressor Work Input
3.4. Effect of Evaporator Pressure on Compressor Work Input
3.5. Effect of Condenser Pressure on Coefficient of Performance (COP)
3.6. Effect of Evaporator Pressure on Coefficient of Performance (COP)
3.7. Effect of Condenser Pressure on Volumetric Refrigeration Capacity (VRC)
3.8. Effect of Evaporator Pressure on Volumetric Refrigeration Capacity (VRC)
4. Conclusions
- R134a clearly possessed the highest refrigeration effect, overall, at all condenser pressures. The second refrigerant that performed almost as well as R134a was R1234ze(Z), which is an HFO refrigerant. The refrigeration effect of R1234ze(Z) was less than that of R134a and greater than that of all of the other HFO refrigerants at all condenser pressures. R1233zd(E) fell midway between R1234ze(Z) and R365mfc. As condenser pressure was increased, the refrigeration effect decreased in general. The lowest decrease in refrigeration effect was observed in the case of R1234ze(Z), and the refrigeration effect of R365mfc decreased drastically at higher condenser pressures.
- At a lower evaporator pressure, the highest refrigeration effect among the HFO refrigerants was observed for R1234ze(Z), followed by those of R1234yf and R1233zd(E). R365mfc had the lowest refrigeration effect among all refrigerants. This trend remained the same at a higher evaporator pressure. As evaporator pressure increased, the refrigeration effect of all refrigerants approached that of the reference refrigerant R134a. The refrigeration effect of R1234ze(Z) increased steadily, while it increased rapidly for R365mfc, though it lagged behind all refrigerants at all evaporator pressures.
- The compressor work input did not significantly vary against condenser pressure. The base refrigerant R134a clearly drew highest compressor work input at all condenser pressures, followed by R1234ze(Z), R134yf and R1233zd(E). The lowest power consumption among the HFO refrigerants was observed in the case of R365mfc. When condenser pressure was increased, the compressor work input increased and approached that of R134a.
- The compressor work input was highest for R1234ze(Z) among the HFO refrigerants, followed by those of R1234yf R1233zd(E). R365mfc offered the lowest compressor work input among the HFO refrigerants, but its refrigeration effect was also the lowest of all. As the evaporator pressure was increased, the compressor work input of all refrigerants increased.
- Overall, the COP is highest for R134a, and, among all the HFO refrigerants, the COP is highest for R1234ze(Z) and decreased steadily at higher condenser pressures. When the condenser pressure was increased, the COP decreased for all refrigerants in general. This decrease was quite slow for R1234ze(Z), and it was relatively rapid for R1233zd(E) and R1234yf. For R365mfc, the COP dropped drastically at higher condenser pressures.
- The COP was highest for R1234ze(Z) among the HFO refrigerants, and lowest for R365mfc at all evaporator pressures. The COP of all refrigerants tended to increase when the evaporator pressure was increased. The COP of R365mfc increased rapidly but still lagged behind those of all other refrigerants at all evaporator pressures.
- The VRC of R1234ze(Z) was highest at 6 bars of condenser pressure, the VRC of R1234yf and R1233zd(E) were nearly equal, and the lowest values were obtained in the case of R365mfc. As the condenser pressure was increased, the VRC decreases linearly. The decrease was lowest for R1234ze(Z) and the highest for R365mfc at higher condenser pressures.
- R1234ze(Z) had the highest VRC among the HFO refrigerants at all evaporator pressures, followed by those of R1234yf, R1233zd(E) and R365mfc. Though R1234ze(Z) required a higher compressor work input, it also had higher refrigeration effects. The VRC of refrigerants increased rapidly as the evaporator pressure was increased. This increase was sharp for R365mfc and relatively slow for R1234yf and R1233zd(E).
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GWP | Global warming potential |
CFCs | Chlorofluorocarbons |
HCFCs | Hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
HFCs | Hydrofluorocarbons |
HFOs | Hydrofluoroolefens |
VCRC | Vapor compression refrigeration cycle |
VRC | Volumetric refrigeration capacity |
EES | Engineering equation solver |
NBP | Normal boiling point |
ASH | Reference state for ASHRAE |
IIR | International Institute of Refrigeration |
COP | Coefficient of performance |
HVAC | Heating ventilation and air-conditioning system |
List of symbols | |
ρ | Density of refrigerant |
η | Isentropic efficiency of compressor |
Qevap | Refrigeration effect of evaporator |
Pcomp | Compressor power input |
COP | Improvement in coefficient of performance |
m· | Mass flow rate of refrigerant |
h | Refrigerant specific enthalpy |
N | Compressor speed |
Dcomp | Compressor displacement |
P | Refrigerant pressure |
Additional subscripts | |
S | Isentropic process |
1, 2, 3, … | State points on property diagram |
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Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants | Refrigerant Category | Molar Mass (g/mol) | Normal Boiling Point (NBP) (°C) | Melting Point (°C) | Vapor Pressure at 20 °C (kPa) | Critical Temperature (°C) | Global Warming Potential (GWP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R134a [26] | HFCs | 102.3 | −26.3 | −142.3 | 571.7 | 101 °C | 1320 |
R123 [27] | HCFC | 152.93 | 27.85 | −107 | 258.5 | 183.68 | 77 |
R1233zd(E) [28] | HCFO | 130 | 19 | −107 | 106.3 | 165.7 | <5 |
R1234yf [29] | HFO | 114.04 | −29.45 | −150 | 592 | 94.7 | 4 |
R365mfc [30] | HFO | 148 | 40 | <−20 | 47 | 187 | 825 |
R1234ze(Z) [31] | HFO | 114 | −19.0 | −156 | - | 109 | 6 |
Toxicity Level | No Flame Propagation | Lower Flammability | High Flammability |
---|---|---|---|
Low toxicity | A1 R-22 R-134a R-410A R-404A R1233zd (E) R-407C R/507A R744 CO2 | A2 R-152a A2L * R-32 R1234yf R-1234ze(E) | A3 R-290 Propane R-600a Isobutane |
High toxicity | B1 R-123 | B2 B2L R-717 Ammonia | B3 |
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Farooq, M.; Hamayoun, A.; Naqvi, M.; Nawaz, S.; Usman, M.; Naqvi, S.R.; Imran, M.; Nadeem, R.; Razi, A.; Turan, A.; et al. Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment. Processes 2020, 8, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020187
Farooq M, Hamayoun A, Naqvi M, Nawaz S, Usman M, Naqvi SR, Imran M, Nadeem R, Razi A, Turan A, et al. Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment. Processes. 2020; 8(2):187. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020187
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarooq, Muhammad, Ahsan Hamayoun, Muhammad Naqvi, Saad Nawaz, Muhammad Usman, Salman Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Imran, Rida Nadeem, Allah Razi, Ahmet Turan, and et al. 2020. "Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFO) Refrigerants in Commercial Air-Conditioning Systems for Sustainable Environment" Processes 8, no. 2: 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020187