Separation of Protein-Binding Anthraquinones from Semen Cassiae Using Two-Stage Foam Fractionation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Aqueous Extract of Semen Cassiae
2.3. Preparation of Semen Cassiae Proteins
2.4. Separation of Total Anthraquinones from the Aqueous Extract of Semen Cassiae Using Foam Fractionation
2.5. Measurement of Intrinsic Fluorescence Spectrum of Semen Cassiae Proteins
2.6. Measurement of the Concentration of Total Anthraquinones
2.7. HPLC Analysis of Semen Cassiae Anthraquinones
2.8. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity
2.9. Evaluation of the Foam Fractionation Performances
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Stem–Volmer Analysis of Interaction between Physcion and Proteins Derived from Semen Cassiae
3.1.1. Fluorescence Quenching Spectra of Semen Cassiae Proteins with Physcion
3.1.2. Binding Constants and Binding Sites of Physcion and Semen Cassiae Proteins
3.1.3. Binding Mode and Nature of the Binding Force between Physcion and Semen Cassiae Proteins
3.2. HPLC Analysis of Foam Fractionation of Anthraquinones from Semen Cassiae Extract
3.3. Two-Stage Foam Fractionation of the Protein-Binding Anthraquinones from Aqueous Extract of Semen Cassiae
3.3.1. Optimization of the First-Stage Foam Fractionation
Effects of VSTs on E and R
Effects of Initial Feed Concentration of Total Anthraquinones on E, R and Cf
Effects of Volumetric Air Flow Rate on E and R
Effects of Pore Diameter of Gas Distributor on E and R
3.3.2. Optimization of the Second-Stage Foam Fractionation
Effects of Temperature on E and R
Optimization of the Second-Stage Foam Fractionation Using Orthogonal Test
3.4. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity of Semen Cassiae Anthraquinones in Aqueous Extract and Foamate
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anthraquinonyl | R1 | R2 | R3 | R6 | R7 | R8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emodin | H | OH | H | H | H | H | |
Chrysophanol | OH | H | CH3 | H | H | OH | |
Rhein | OH | H | H | COOH | H | OH | |
Physcion | OH | H | OCH3 | CH3 | H | OH | |
Obtusin | OCH3 | OH | CH3 | OCH3 | OCH3 | OH | |
Physcion-8-O-β-glucoside | OH | H | CH3 | OCH3 | H | Glu |
Temperature (°C) | Ka (mol−1) | n | Linear Correlation Coefficient, R2 |
---|---|---|---|
26.0 | 1.17 × 103 | 1.060 | 0.9981 |
31.0 | 1.33 × 103 | 0.983 | 0.9990 |
37.0 | 1.63 × 103 | 0.925 | 0.9971 |
Temperature (°C) | ∆G (kJ/mol) | ∆H (kJ/mol) | ∆S (J/mol·K) |
---|---|---|---|
26.0 | −17.45 | 23.3 | 136.3 |
31.0 | −18.13 | ||
37.0 | 18.95 |
Aurantio-Obtusifolin | Aloe-Emodin | Rhein | Emodin | Chrysophanol | Physcion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E | 2.2 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 2.7 |
R/% | 56.4 | 51.3 | 82.0 | 71.8 | 87.1 | 69.2 |
E | R/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | With VST | Without VST | With VST | Without VST |
25 ± 1 °C | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 73.6 ± 3.5 | 56.4 ± 2.7 |
40 ± 2 °C | 6.6 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 41.8 ± 2.1 | 25.4 ± 1.6 |
Pore Diameter of Gas Distributor (μm) | E | R/% |
---|---|---|
100 ± 20 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 74.5 ± 3.4 |
200 ± 20 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 71.4 ± 3.6 |
400 ± 20 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 65.2 ± 3.2 |
600 ± 20 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 58.4 ± 2.9 |
Factors | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
A, temperature (°C) | 40 | 45 | 50 |
B, volumetric air flow rate (mL/min) | 100 | 200 | 300 |
C, pore diameter of gas distributor (μm) | 200 ± 20 μm | 400 ± 20 μm | 600 ± 20 μm |
No. | A | B | C | E | R/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 40 | 100 | 200 ± 20 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 63.4 ± 3.2 |
2 | 40 | 200 | 400 ± 20 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 71.6 ± 3.5 |
3 | 40 | 300 | 600 ± 20 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 85.7 ± 4.7 |
4 | 45 | 100 | 400 ± 20 | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 43.5 ± 2.6 |
5 | 45 | 200 | 600 ± 20 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 58.4 ± 3.1 |
6 | 45 | 300 | 200 ± 20 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 64.9 ± 3.3 |
7 | 50 | 100 | 600 ± 20 | 10.4 ± 1.1 | 23.5 ± 1.5 |
8 | 50 | 200 | 200 ± 20 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 51.7 ± 2.8 |
9 | 50 | 300 | 400 ± 20 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 56.8 ± 2.5 |
M1E | 5.00 | 8.70 | 5.93 | ||
M2E | 7.03 | 6.56 | 6.50 | ||
M3E | 7.73 | 4.50 | 7.33 | ||
M1R | 73.57 | 43.47 | 60.00 | ||
M2R | 55.60 | 60.57 | 57.30 | ||
M3R | 44.00 | 69.13 | 55.87 | ||
KE | 2.73 | 4.20 | 1.40 | ||
KR | 29.57 | 25.66 | 4.13 |
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Ding, L.; Wang, Y.; Yue, C.; Wu, Z.; Sun, Y.; Wang, M.; Li, R. Separation of Protein-Binding Anthraquinones from Semen Cassiae Using Two-Stage Foam Fractionation. Processes 2019, 7, 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7070463
Ding L, Wang Y, Yue C, Wu Z, Sun Y, Wang M, Li R. Separation of Protein-Binding Anthraquinones from Semen Cassiae Using Two-Stage Foam Fractionation. Processes. 2019; 7(7):463. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7070463
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Linlin, Yanyan Wang, Chuanjun Yue, Zeying Wu, Ye Sun, Min Wang, and Rui Li. 2019. "Separation of Protein-Binding Anthraquinones from Semen Cassiae Using Two-Stage Foam Fractionation" Processes 7, no. 7: 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7070463