Titanium Distribution Ratio Model of Ladle Furnace Slags for Tire Cord Steel Production Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory at 1853 K
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production Procedure and Materials
2.2. Establishment of the IMCT Model
- (1)
- The constitutional units in the slag consist of simple ions, ordinary molecules, and complicated molecules;
- (2)
- Complex molecules are generated by the reactions of bonded ion couples and simple molecules under kinetic equilibrium;
- (3)
- The activity of each constituent in the slag equals the MAC of the structural unit at the steelmaking temperature;
- (4)
- The chemical reactions comply with the law of mass conservation.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Predicted and Measured Titanium Distribution Ratios
3.2. Influence of Basicity on the Titanium Distribution Ratio
3.3. Contribution Ratio of the Respective Titanium Distribution Ratio Based on the IMCT
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The established IMCT model for calculating the titanium distribution ratio exhibited a dependable agreement with the measurements, and the model can be responsibly applied to predict the maximum de-titanium potential in the LF process at metallurgical temperatures.
- (2)
- The titanium distribution ratio will increase with the rise of basicity, and the optical basicity is suggested to describe the correlation between basicity and de-titanium ability of the slag. Higher optical basicity is in favor of the de-titanium process.
- (3)
- The respective titanium distribution ratios of structural units containing TiO2 can be acquired by the built IMCT model. The contribution rates of , , , , and to total de-titanium potential were approximately 9.97%, 84.96%, 2.03%, 2.65%, and 0.39%, respectively, revealing that the structural unit CaO plays a pivotal role in the slags in the de-titanium process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Slag Systems | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|
CaO–SiO2–FeO–MgO–MnO–Al2O3 | A thermodynamic model for predicting the manganese distribution ratio and manganese capacity of the slags was developed based on the IMCT. The established model was successfully applied to not only manganese equilibrium experiments but also industrial production. | [10] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–MnO–Al2O3–TiO2–CaF2 | A thermodynamic model for calculating the manganese distribution ratio between the slags and carbon saturated liquid iron was built based on the IMCT. The predicted manganese distribution ratio by IMCT had a good linear relationship with measurements expect individual points. | [11] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–Fe2O3–Al2O3–P2O5 | A thermodynamic model for predicting the phosphorus distribution ratio of the slags was developed based on the IMCT. The developed model was successfully applied to not only phosphorus equilibrium experiments, but also industrial production in Hismelt smelting reduction vessels. | [12] |
CaO-based Slags | A thermodynamic model for predicting phosphorus partition between CaO-based slags during hot metal dephosphorization pretreatment was established based on the IMCT. The established model was verified as effective through comparing with measured results and predicted ones by other models. | [13] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–Fe2O3–MnO–Al2O3–P2O5 | A thermodynamic model for calculating the phosphorus distribution ratio between steelmaking slags and molten steel was built based on the IMCT. The built IMCT prediction model was verified with measured and some other reported models. | [14] |
CaO–FeO–Fe2O3–Al2O3–P2O5 | Thermodynamic models for predicting the phosphorus distribution ratio and phosphorus capacity of the slags during refining were developed based on the IMCT. The developed models were verified with experimental results and reported models. | [15] |
CaO–SiO2–FeO–Fe2O3–P2O5 | Defined enrichment possibility and enrichment degree of solid solutions containing P2O5 from the developed IMCT model were verified from experimental results. | [16] |
CaO-based Slags | Coupling relationships between dephosphorization and desulfurization abilities or potentials for CaO-based slags during the refining process of molten steel were proposed based on the IMCT. The proposed model was verified as effective and feasible through investigating the effect of slag composition. | [17] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 | A sulfide capacity prediction model of the slags was developed based on the IMCT. The developed model had a higher accuracy than other reported sulfide capacity prediction models. | [18] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–MnO–Al2O3 | A thermodynamic model for calculating the sulfur distribution ratio between ladle furnace (LF) refining slags and molten steel was established based on the IMCT. The model was verified with the measured and the calculated sulfur distribution ratio by Young’s model and the KTH model in LF refining. | [19] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–MnO–Al2O3 | A sulfide capacity prediction model of the LF refining slags was built based on the IMCT. The built sulfide capacity prediction model was verified with the measured and calculated by Young’s model and the KTH model in LF refining. | [20] |
CaO–FeO–Fe2O3–Al2O3–P2O5 | A thermodynamic model for predicting the sulfide capacity of the slags at various oxygen potentials was developed based on the IMCT. The built model was verified through comparing the determined sulfide capacity, and could be applied to precisely predict sulfide capacity. | [21] |
CaO–FeO–Fe2O3–Al2O3–P2O5 | A thermodynamic model for predicting the sulfur distribution ratio between the slags and liquid iron was built based on the IMCT. The developed model was verified with measured data of sulfur distribution equilibrium from the literatures. | [22] |
CaO–SiO2–MgO–FeO–Fe2O3–MnO–Al2O3–P2O5 | The defined oxidation ability of metallurgical slags based on the IMCT was verified by comparisons with the reported activity in the selected FetO-containing slag systems. | [23] |
Slag Composition | Metal Composition | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | FeO | MnO | TiO2 | C | Si | Mn | Ti |
39.19 | 40.50 | 7.97 | 8.47 | 1.36 | 2.17 | 0.34 | 0.81 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.0008 |
38.56 | 40.95 | 7.73 | 8.89 | 1.27 | 2.28 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 0.19 | 0.48 | 0.0008 |
35.19 | 43.10 | 6.82 | 10.79 | 1.41 | 2.52 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 0.0006 |
34.70 | 42.92 | 6.46 | 10.97 | 1.81 | 2.95 | 0.19 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.46 | 0.0007 |
39.47 | 41.52 | 7.19 | 8.17 | 1.61 | 1.78 | 0.25 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.0006 |
37.08 | 45.82 | 3.78 | 8.10 | 1.61 | 3.40 | 0.20 | 0.82 | 0.20 | 0.46 | 0.0007 |
34.28 | 45.19 | 6.07 | 11.09 | 1.36 | 1.69 | 0.33 | 0.82 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.0012 |
36.11 | 44.54 | 4.79 | 9.12 | 1.73 | 3.49 | 0.22 | 0.81 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 0.0008 |
40.04 | 39.73 | 8.87 | 8.38 | 1.28 | 1.38 | 0.32 | 0.82 | 0.18 | 0.48 | 0.0007 |
33.25 | 45.28 | 7.74 | 10.12 | 1.62 | 1.71 | 0.27 | 0.80 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.0012 |
34.52 | 47.74 | 3.52 | 10.72 | 1.11 | 2.14 | 0.25 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.0010 |
37.23 | 43.69 | 6.48 | 9.12 | 1.34 | 1.86 | 0.28 | 0.82 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 0.0008 |
42.90 | 43.04 | 5.46 | 5.98 | 1.00 | 1.29 | 0.33 | 0.80 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.0007 |
36.52 | 46.23 | 4.75 | 8.65 | 1.14 | 2.44 | 0.26 | 0.83 | 0.20 | 0.46 | 0.0009 |
34.51 | 46.01 | 5.54 | 10.61 | 0.94 | 2.14 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.0009 |
31.73 | 45.69 | 6.82 | 9.78 | 1.08 | 4.70 | 0.21 | 0.81 | 0.20 | 0.48 | 0.0010 |
Items | Constitutional Units | Balanced Mole Number | MACs |
---|---|---|---|
Simple cations and anions | |||
Simple molecules | |||
Complex molecules | |||
Reaction Formulas | MACs | |
---|---|---|
2 | ||
Constitutional Units | Expression of | Average Contribution Rate/% |
---|---|---|
9.97 | ||
84.96 | ||
2.03 | ||
2.65 | ||
0.39 |
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Lei, J.; Zhao, D.; Feng, W.; Xue, Z. Titanium Distribution Ratio Model of Ladle Furnace Slags for Tire Cord Steel Production Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory at 1853 K. Processes 2019, 7, 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110788
Lei J, Zhao D, Feng W, Xue Z. Titanium Distribution Ratio Model of Ladle Furnace Slags for Tire Cord Steel Production Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory at 1853 K. Processes. 2019; 7(11):788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110788
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Jialiu, Dongnan Zhao, Wei Feng, and Zhengliang Xue. 2019. "Titanium Distribution Ratio Model of Ladle Furnace Slags for Tire Cord Steel Production Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory at 1853 K" Processes 7, no. 11: 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110788
APA StyleLei, J., Zhao, D., Feng, W., & Xue, Z. (2019). Titanium Distribution Ratio Model of Ladle Furnace Slags for Tire Cord Steel Production Based on the Ion–Molecule Coexistence Theory at 1853 K. Processes, 7(11), 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110788