The Influence of Cation Treatments on the Pervaporation Dehydration of NaA Zeolite Membranes Prepared on Hollow Fibers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of NaA Zeolite Membranes and Ion-Exchange Processes
2.3. Characterization of NaA Zeolite Particles and Membranes
2.4. PV Test and Single Gas Permeation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PV Performances of the Exchanged NaA Zeolite Membrane
3.2. Surface Morphology of the Exchanged NaA Zeolite Membrane
3.3. The Structural Analysis of the Exchanged NaA Zeolite Powders
3.4. The Concentration Effect on the Exchanged Membrane
3.5. PV Stability Test of NaA Zeolite Membrane
3.6. Gas Permeation of NaA Zeolite Membranes
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ion Valence State | Material | Processing Conditions | Fluxes/kg·m−2·h−1 | Separation Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | KCl | Un-exchange | 4.05 ± 0.019 | 449 ± 2.4 |
Exchange | 3.58 ± 0.023 | 1062 ± 12.8 | ||
NH4Cl | Un-exchange | 7.42 ± 0.023 | 306 ± 1.1 | |
Exchange | 1.44 ± 0.005 | 38 ± 0.1 | ||
LiCl | Un-exchange | 4.58 ± 0.019 | 208 ± 0.5 | |
Exchange | leaking | 1 ± 0.01 | ||
NaCl | Un-exchange | 4.75 ± 0.023 | 449 ± 2.4 | |
Exchange | 4.83 ± 0.018 | 519 ± 3.1 | ||
AgNO3 | Un-exchange | 6.51 ± 0.027 | 548 ± 3.6 | |
Exchange | 5.98 ± 0.025 | 2136 ± 50.7 | ||
2 | MgCl2 | Un-exchange | 5.05 ± 0.025 | 2167 ± 52.5 |
Exchange | 1.99 ± 0.014 | 47 ± 0.1 | ||
BaCl2 | Un-exchange | 4.80 ± 0.024 | 208 ± 0.6 | |
Exchange | 5.19 ± 0.025 | 162 ± 0.4 | ||
CaCl2 | Un-exchange | 6.45 ± 0.025 | 306 ± 1.2 | |
Exchange | 6.07 ± 0.024 | 52 ± 0.1 | ||
ZnCl2 | Un-exchange | 5.06 ± 0.019 | 2156 ± 53.4 | |
Exchange | 2.90 ± 0.015 | 5 ± 0.04 |
Cations | Hydrated Radius, Å [33] | Bare Radius, Å [34] |
---|---|---|
Li+ | 3.82 | 0.94 |
Na+ | 3.58 | 1.17 |
K+ | 3.31 | 1.49 |
Ag+ | 3.41 | 1.26 |
NH4+ | 3.31 | 1.48 |
Mg2+ | 4.28 | 0.72 |
Ca2+ | 4.12 | 1.00 |
Ba2+ | 4.04 | 1.35 |
Zn2+ | 4.30 | 0.74 |
Type | Relative Content of Na | Relative Content of Positive Charge a |
---|---|---|
NaA zeolite | 1.00 | 0.96 |
NaCl treatment | 1.12 | 1.03 |
LiCl treatment | 0.84 | 0.93 |
KCl treatment | 0.41 | 0.97 |
AgNO3 treatment | 0.10 | 0.99 |
ZnCl2 treatment | 0.22 | 0.97 |
MgCl2 treatment | 0.51 | 1.06 |
CaCl2 treatment | 0.34 | 1.02 |
BaCl2 treatment | 0.19 | 0.99 |
No. | Cations | Concentration/M | Flux/kg∙m−2∙h−1 | Separation Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | - | - | 4.96 ± 0.03 | 449 ± 2.4 |
M1′ | K+ | 0.05 | 4.45 ± 0.02 | >10,000 ± 198.2 |
M1″ | K+ | 0.1 | 3.58 ± 0.02 | 1062 ± 12.8 |
M2 | - | - | 6.51 ± 0.03 | 548 ± 3.6 |
M2′ | Ag+ | 0.05 | 5.87 ± 0.03 | >10,000 ± 198.2 |
M2″ | Ag+ | 0.1 | 5.98 ± 0.03 | 2136 ± 50.9 |
M3 | - | - | 7.42 ± 0.03 | 306 ± 1.2 |
M3′ | NH4+ | 0.05 | 4.95 ± 0.02 | 107 ± 0.2 |
M3″ | NH4+ | 0.1 | 1.44 ± 0.01 | 38 ± 0.1 |
Cation Type | Exchanged NaA Zeolite Membranes | Contact Angle/θ |
---|---|---|
Original | NaA zeolite membrane | 6.6° |
Monovalent cation | Li+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 46.5° |
K+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 43.0° | |
Ag+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 99.6° | |
Divalent cation | Zn2+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 72.6° |
Mg2+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 18.3° | |
Ca2+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 46.2° | |
Ba2+ exchanged NaA zeolite membrane | 33.5° |
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Gao, X.; Gao, B.; Wang, X.; Shi, R.; Ur Rehman, R.; Gu, X. The Influence of Cation Treatments on the Pervaporation Dehydration of NaA Zeolite Membranes Prepared on Hollow Fibers. Processes 2018, 6, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6060070
Gao X, Gao B, Wang X, Shi R, Ur Rehman R, Gu X. The Influence of Cation Treatments on the Pervaporation Dehydration of NaA Zeolite Membranes Prepared on Hollow Fibers. Processes. 2018; 6(6):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6060070
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Xuechao, Bing Gao, Xingchen Wang, Rui Shi, Rashid Ur Rehman, and Xuehong Gu. 2018. "The Influence of Cation Treatments on the Pervaporation Dehydration of NaA Zeolite Membranes Prepared on Hollow Fibers" Processes 6, no. 6: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6060070