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Volume 14
Issue 11
10.3390/pr14111817
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Fractionation of Olive Mill By-Products and Effluents for Circular Biorefineries

by
Ana Paula Ramos
1,2,
Alejandro Rodriguez
3,
Cândida Vilarinho
4,
José P. B. Mota
1,
Eduardo Mateus
5 and
Margarida Gonçalves
1,2,6,*
1
MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
2
LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
3
BioPrEn Group (RNM-940), Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
4
MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
5
CENSE—Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
6
VALORIZA, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(11), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111817
Submission received: 2 March 2026 / Revised: 24 April 2026 / Accepted: 8 May 2026 / Published: 3 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies and Emerging Technologies in Wastewater Treatment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Although olive mill by-products and effluents (OMBP) are commonly regarded as potential environmental liabilities, they contain constituents that may offer recovery potential. This study proposes an integrated scheme combining dry (filtration, milling and sieving) and wet (distillation) fractionation, as well as thermochemical (carbonisation) processes, to stabilise and convert OMBP into solid and liquid fractions for potential applications. Mass and energy balances were established and the resulting products characterised. A preliminary technical and economic feasibility assessment was also conducted. The findings suggest that such an integrated valorisation framework could be implemented at local olive oil production sites. This could reduce resource losses (e.g., water and energy) and transport-related emissions while supporting local development opportunities.
Keywords: fractionation; olive pomace; olive stones; olive mill leaves; olive mill wastewater; valorisation; bioenergy; circular bioeconomy; sustainability fractionation; olive pomace; olive stones; olive mill leaves; olive mill wastewater; valorisation; bioenergy; circular bioeconomy; sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramos, A.P.; Rodriguez, A.; Vilarinho, C.; Mota, J.P.B.; Mateus, E.; Gonçalves, M. Fractionation of Olive Mill By-Products and Effluents for Circular Biorefineries. Processes 2026, 14, 1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111817

AMA Style

Ramos AP, Rodriguez A, Vilarinho C, Mota JPB, Mateus E, Gonçalves M. Fractionation of Olive Mill By-Products and Effluents for Circular Biorefineries. Processes. 2026; 14(11):1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111817

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramos, Ana Paula, Alejandro Rodriguez, Cândida Vilarinho, José P. B. Mota, Eduardo Mateus, and Margarida Gonçalves. 2026. "Fractionation of Olive Mill By-Products and Effluents for Circular Biorefineries" Processes 14, no. 11: 1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111817

APA Style

Ramos, A. P., Rodriguez, A., Vilarinho, C., Mota, J. P. B., Mateus, E., & Gonçalves, M. (2026). Fractionation of Olive Mill By-Products and Effluents for Circular Biorefineries. Processes, 14(11), 1817. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14111817

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