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Review

A Comparative Review on Dry Ice Production Methods: Challenges, Sustainability and Future Directions

1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
2
FOE Dean’s Office, Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, Koura Campus, Kelhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Processes 2025, 13(9), 2848; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092848
Submission received: 19 July 2025 / Revised: 11 August 2025 / Accepted: 3 September 2025 / Published: 5 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

Abstract

Dry ice, the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO2), is widely used in cold chain logistics, industrial cleaning, and biomedical preservation. Its production, however, is closely linked to carbon capture, energy-intensive liquefaction, and solidification processes. This review critically evaluates and compares the existing methods of CO2 capture, including chemical absorption, physical absorption, adsorption, and membrane-based separation as they pertain to dry ice production. This study further assesses liquefaction cycles using refrigerants such as ammonia and R744, highlighting thermodynamic and environmental trade-offs. Solidification techniques are examined in the context of energy consumption, process integration, and product quality. The comparative analysis is supported by extensive tabulated data on operating conditions, CO2 purity, and sustainability metrics. This review identifies key technical and environmental challenges, such as solvent regeneration, CO2 leakage, and energy recovery. Thus, it also explores emerging innovations, including hybrid cycles and renewable energy integration, to advance the sustainability of dry ice production. This, in turn, offers strategic insight for optimizing dry ice manufacturing in alignment with low-carbon industrial goals.
Keywords: dry ice; dry ice production; CO2 capture; CO2 liquefaction; CO2 solidification; sustainability dry ice; dry ice production; CO2 capture; CO2 liquefaction; CO2 solidification; sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Assaf, J.C.; Issa, C.; Flouty, T.; El Marji, L.; Nakad, M. A Comparative Review on Dry Ice Production Methods: Challenges, Sustainability and Future Directions. Processes 2025, 13, 2848. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092848

AMA Style

Assaf JC, Issa C, Flouty T, El Marji L, Nakad M. A Comparative Review on Dry Ice Production Methods: Challenges, Sustainability and Future Directions. Processes. 2025; 13(9):2848. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092848

Chicago/Turabian Style

Assaf, Jean Claude, Christina Issa, Tony Flouty, Lea El Marji, and Mantoura Nakad. 2025. "A Comparative Review on Dry Ice Production Methods: Challenges, Sustainability and Future Directions" Processes 13, no. 9: 2848. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092848

APA Style

Assaf, J. C., Issa, C., Flouty, T., El Marji, L., & Nakad, M. (2025). A Comparative Review on Dry Ice Production Methods: Challenges, Sustainability and Future Directions. Processes, 13(9), 2848. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092848

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