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Volume 13
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10.3390/pr13123985
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Variation Law of Mineral Composition and Pore Structure in the Shale Oil of Mabei Fengcheng Formation Under the Action of CO2

by
Jianmin Li
1,2,
Shicheng Zhang
1,
Kaixin Liu
2,
Mingxing Wang
1,2,
Jingfeng Dong
2,
Li Yang
1 and
Yushi Zou
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2
Engineering Technology Institute, Petro China Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay 834000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3985; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123985 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 5 November 2025 / Revised: 4 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 December 2025 / Published: 9 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Petroleum and Low-Carbon Energy Process Engineering)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of CO2–water–rock interactions on shale oil reservoirs, specifically focusing on the mineral dissolution and pore structure alterations in shale samples from the second section of the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Depression, Junggar Basin. Core soaking experiments were conducted under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions to simulate reservoir environments. Mineral evolution, ion migration, and microstructural changes were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that CO2-induced mineral dissolution follows a distinct sequence: calcite > dolomite > potassium feldspar > sodium feldspar, which is directly reflected in the concentration of ions (Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+) in the solution. The dissolution rate and pore structure enhancement are significantly influenced by lamina density, with dolomitic rocks with high lamina density showing greater dissolution and porosity increase, and the lamina area greater than the matrix area. This study demonstrates that the dynamic changes of rock minerals are the core mechanism for controlling the pore structure of reservoirs, showing how CO2–water–rock reaction enhances the porosity and connectivity of shale reservoirs, thereby improving oil recovery potential.
Keywords: shale; CO2–water–rock reaction; supercritical CO2; microscopic pore structure; mineral composition shale; CO2–water–rock reaction; supercritical CO2; microscopic pore structure; mineral composition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, J.; Zhang, S.; Liu, K.; Wang, M.; Dong, J.; Yang, L.; Zou, Y. The Variation Law of Mineral Composition and Pore Structure in the Shale Oil of Mabei Fengcheng Formation Under the Action of CO2. Processes 2025, 13, 3985. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123985

AMA Style

Li J, Zhang S, Liu K, Wang M, Dong J, Yang L, Zou Y. The Variation Law of Mineral Composition and Pore Structure in the Shale Oil of Mabei Fengcheng Formation Under the Action of CO2. Processes. 2025; 13(12):3985. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123985

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Jianmin, Shicheng Zhang, Kaixin Liu, Mingxing Wang, Jingfeng Dong, Li Yang, and Yushi Zou. 2025. "The Variation Law of Mineral Composition and Pore Structure in the Shale Oil of Mabei Fengcheng Formation Under the Action of CO2" Processes 13, no. 12: 3985. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123985

APA Style

Li, J., Zhang, S., Liu, K., Wang, M., Dong, J., Yang, L., & Zou, Y. (2025). The Variation Law of Mineral Composition and Pore Structure in the Shale Oil of Mabei Fengcheng Formation Under the Action of CO2. Processes, 13(12), 3985. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123985

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