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Processes
Volume 13
Issue 11
10.3390/pr13113686
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Performance and Emissions Optimization of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel–Diesel Blends with Amine-Modified Nanobiochar

by
Mahtab Yarveysi
1,
Behdad Shadidi
1,*,
Maryam Hajjami
2,
Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili
3 and
Hossein Haji Agha Alizade
1
1
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38695, Iran
2
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38695, Iran
3
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-83151, Iran
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(11), 3686; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113686
Submission received: 17 September 2025 / Revised: 9 November 2025 / Accepted: 12 November 2025 / Published: 14 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Processes and Emissions Assessment of Internal Combustion Engines)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Utilizing bio-based nano-fuel additives presents a promising path towards improved engine performance and reduced emissions. The response surface method is used in this investigation to predict and optimize the performance parameters and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The engine operates with B20 at 2900, 3100, and 3300 rpm and nanobiochar concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 ppm. The results showed a declining trend in all of the engine-out emissions when the nanobiochar additive was used. Based on the optimization results, an engine speed of 3108 rpm and a nanobiochar ratio of 90 ppm were found to be the optimal conditions within the defined range of the input parameters. At this point, the engine power, torque, BSFC, and emissions of NOx, CO, and UHC were measured at 5.78 kW, 17.96 Nm, and 309 g/kW·h, 104.9 ppm, 1.25 (%Vol.), and 104.9 ppm, respectively. These values represent significant improvements compared to the baseline B20 fuel. The modeling results showed that RSM could effectively predict engine performance and emissions when running on a green-based fuel like B20, with a 90 ppm nanobiochar additive.
Keywords: nano-additives; biodiesel–diesel blends; multi-objective optimization; engine performance; emission reduction; sustainable fuel additives nano-additives; biodiesel–diesel blends; multi-objective optimization; engine performance; emission reduction; sustainable fuel additives

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yarveysi, M.; Shadidi, B.; Hajjami, M.; Ardebili, S.M.S.; Haji Agha Alizade, H. Performance and Emissions Optimization of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel–Diesel Blends with Amine-Modified Nanobiochar. Processes 2025, 13, 3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113686

AMA Style

Yarveysi M, Shadidi B, Hajjami M, Ardebili SMS, Haji Agha Alizade H. Performance and Emissions Optimization of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel–Diesel Blends with Amine-Modified Nanobiochar. Processes. 2025; 13(11):3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113686

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yarveysi, Mahtab, Behdad Shadidi, Maryam Hajjami, Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili, and Hossein Haji Agha Alizade. 2025. "Performance and Emissions Optimization of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel–Diesel Blends with Amine-Modified Nanobiochar" Processes 13, no. 11: 3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113686

APA Style

Yarveysi, M., Shadidi, B., Hajjami, M., Ardebili, S. M. S., & Haji Agha Alizade, H. (2025). Performance and Emissions Optimization of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel–Diesel Blends with Amine-Modified Nanobiochar. Processes, 13(11), 3686. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113686

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