Study on the Extraction Mechanism of Metal Ions on Small Molecular Phase of Tar-Rich Coal under Ultrasonic Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment and Methods
2.1. Ultrasonic Loading Experiment of Metal Ions
2.2. Acidity and Alkalinity (pH) Test
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.4. Organic Matter Extraction Experiment
2.5. GC/MS Test Analysis
2.6. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- Approximately 100 mg of potassium bromide, dried in a vacuum oven at 100 °C for 10 h, was weighed and placed into an agate mortar. A small amount of coal sample, which had undergone drying treatment, was thoroughly mixed with the potassium bromide. The mixture was then ground finely.
- The mixture was placed into a mold and subjected to vacuum pressure on a tablet press at 20–25 MPa for 1 min.
- The mold containing a transparent circular thin sheet with a thickness of 0.1–1.0 mm was fixed onto a sample holder.
- Infrared spectroscopy was conducted on the samples using the FTIR spectrometer. The experimental parameters were set as follows: a wavenumber range from 4400 to 400 cm−1 and a resolution of 2 cm−1.
2.7. X-ray Diffraction
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction Analysis
3.2. Structural Analysis of Raffinate Coal
3.2.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis
- 3600–3000 cm−1: Characteristic absorption peaks of hydroxyl groups.
- 3000–2800 cm−1: Characteristic absorption peaks of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
- 1800–1000 cm−1: Characteristic absorption peaks of oxygen-containing functional groups.
3.2.2. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.3. Mechanism Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Under ultrasonic treatment, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Ni2+ metal ions enhanced the extraction efficiency of organic low-molecular-weight fractions. Among these metal ions, Mn2+ exhibited the most significant effect, resulting in a remarkable 212% increase in the extraction rate compared to the blank control group. Following the ultrasonic treatment with different metal ions, there were observable shifts in the peak positions and a number range for normal alkanes present within low-molecular-weight fractions. Additionally, the proportions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzenes, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and other aromatic hydrocarbons increased within this extracted organic fraction obtained from coal samples.
- After subjecting the residual coal samples to ultrasonic loading with various metal ions, consistent trends in the chemical changes were observed. Specifically, there was an increase in the length of aliphatic chains, a decrease in branching (F), a decrease in hydrogen richness (IH), a decrease in aromatic hydrogen content (FARH), an increase in the degree of condensation (DOC), and an increase in aromaticity (AR). Furthermore, the interlayer spacing (d002) within the aromatic structure decreased, while the stacking degree (Lc) increased, and both the expansivity (La) and the number of stacked layers (Nave) decreased.
- After subjecting the coal to ultrasonic loading with various metal ions, the surface of tar-rich coal becomes rougher and exhibits an overall increase in porosity. The metal ions undergo ion exchange with the hydrogen ions present in the coal, thereby altering and influencing the chemical structure of certain functional groups within the coal. Moreover, these metal ions adsorbed onto the coal molecules and effectively formed complexes with unbound electrons within the small molecules of the coal; thus, catalytic effects were facilitated.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proximate Analysis (wt%) | Ultimate Analysis (wt%, daf) | Gray-King Assay (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mad | Aad | Vdaf | FCad | Cdaf | Hdaf | Odaf | Ndaf | St,daf | Moisture content | Tar yield | Semi-coke yield |
1.18 | 5.85 | 35.90 | 59.60 | 73.15 | 5.10 | 20.05 | 1.359 | 0.34 | 4.50 | 9.80 | 76.40 |
Sample ID | F | IH | FARH | DOC | AR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2.8007 | 0.1915 | 0.4273 | 0.1307 | 0.2164 |
Co2+ | 2.8528 | 0.0886 | 0.2583 | 0.2044 | 0.7462 |
Mn2+ | 3.7552 | 0.1057 | 0.1779 | 0.1578 | 0.5192 |
Fe2+ | 3.3470 | 0.1299 | 0.3418 | 0.1578 | 0.4276 |
Ni2+ | 3.6536 | 0.1486 | 0.2308 | 0.1406 | 0.3001 |
Cu2+ | 2.9102 | 0.1534 | 0.2995 | 0.1590 | 0.3483 |
Sample ID | d002/nm | La/nm | Lc/nm | Nave (Layers) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.3593 | 1.7235 | 1.4893 | 4.1450 |
Co2+ | 0.3538 | 1.8137 | 1.6498 | 4.6631 |
Fe2+ | 0.3560 | 2.1343 | 1.6348 | 4.5921 |
Ni2+ | 0.3532 | 2.8315 | 1.8459 | 5.2262 |
Cu2+ | 0.3573 | 2.7578 | 1.5709 | 4.3966 |
Mn2+ | 0.3532 | 2.8648 | 1.8990 | 5.3766 |
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Wang, Z.; Bao, Y.; Wang, C.; Hu, Y. Study on the Extraction Mechanism of Metal Ions on Small Molecular Phase of Tar-Rich Coal under Ultrasonic Loading. Processes 2024, 12, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010104
Wang Z, Bao Y, Wang C, Hu Y. Study on the Extraction Mechanism of Metal Ions on Small Molecular Phase of Tar-Rich Coal under Ultrasonic Loading. Processes. 2024; 12(1):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010104
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zetang, Yuan Bao, Chaoyong Wang, and Yiliang Hu. 2024. "Study on the Extraction Mechanism of Metal Ions on Small Molecular Phase of Tar-Rich Coal under Ultrasonic Loading" Processes 12, no. 1: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010104
APA StyleWang, Z., Bao, Y., Wang, C., & Hu, Y. (2024). Study on the Extraction Mechanism of Metal Ions on Small Molecular Phase of Tar-Rich Coal under Ultrasonic Loading. Processes, 12(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010104